muscles.txt

O - Superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TXII

I - Lateral one-third of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula

In - Motor-accessory nerve [XI]; proprioception-C3 and C4

F - Assists in rotating the scapula during abduction of humerus above horizontal; upper fibers elevate, middle fibers adduct, and lower fibers depress scapula

O - Transverse processes of CI to CIV

I - Upper portion medial border of scapula

In - C3 to C4 and dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)

F - Elevates scapula

O - Spinous processes of TVII to LV and sacrum, iliac crest, ribs X to XII

I - Floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

In - Thoracodorsal nerve (C6 to C8)

F - Extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus

O - Spinous processes of TII to TV

I - Medial border of scapula between spine and inferior angle

In - Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)

F - Retracts (adducts) and elevates scapula

O - Lower portion of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII and TI

I - Medial border of scapula at the spine of scapula

In - Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)

F - Retracts (adducts) and elevates scapula

O - Spinous processes of TXI to LIII and supraspinous ligaments

I - Lower border of ribs IX to XII just lateral to their angles

In - Anterior rami of lower thoracic nerves (T9 to T12)

F - Depresses ribs IX to XII and may prevent lower ribs from being elevated when the diaphragm contracts

O - Lower portion of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TIII and supraspinous ligaments

I - Upper border of ribs II to V just lateral to their angles

In - Anterior rami of upper thoracic nerves (T2 to T5)

F - Elevates ribs II to V

O - Inferior margin of rib above

I - Superior margin of rib below

In - Intercostal nerves; T1-T11

F - Most active during inspiration; supports intercostal space; moves ribs superiorly

O -Clavicular head-anterior surface of medial half of clavicle; sternocostal head-anterior surface of sternum; first seven costal cartilages; sternal end of sixth rib; aponeurosis of external oblique

I -Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

In -Medial and lateral pectoral nerves; clavicular head [C5, C6]; sternocostal head [C6, C7, C8, T1]

F -Flexion, adduction, and medial rotation of arm at glenohumeral joint; clavicular head-flexion of extended arm; sternocostal head-extension of flexed arm

O -Lateral edge of costal groove of rib above

I -Superior margin of rib below deep to the attachment of the related external intercostal

In -Intercostal nerves; T1-T11

F -Most active during expiration; supports intercostal space; moves ribs inferiorly

O - First rib at junction between rib and costal cartilage

I -- Groove on inferior surface of middle one-third of clavicle

In -Nerve to subclavius [C5, C6]

F -Pulls tip of shoulder down; pulls clavicle medially to stabilize sternoclavicular joint

O -Medial edge of costal groove of rib above

I -Internal aspect of superior margin of rib below

In -Intercostal nerves; T1-T11

F -Acts with internal intercostal muscles

O - Anterior surfaces and superior borders of ribs III to V; and from deep fascia overlying the related intercostal spaces

I -Coracoid process of scapula (medial border and upper surface)

In - Medial pectoral nerve [C5, C6, C7, C8, T1]

F -Pulls tip of shoulder down; protracts scapula

O -Lateral surfaces of upper 8-9 ribs and deep fascia overlying the related intercostal spaces

I -Costal surface of medial border of scapula

In -Long thoracic nerve [C5, C6, C7]

F -Protraction and rotation of the scapula; keeps medial border and inferior angle of scapula opposed to thoracic wall

O -Base of styloid process

I -hyoid bone

In -Facial nerve [VII]

F -Elevates hyoid bone

O -Digastric fossa on lower inside of mandible

I - Attachment of tendon between two bellies to body of hyoid bone

In - Mylohyoid nerve from inferior alveolar branch of mandibular nerve [V3]

F -Opens mouth by lowering mandible; raises hyoid bone

O -Mastoid notch on medial side of mastoid process of temporal bone

I -Attachment of tendon between two bellies to body of hyoid bone

In -Facial nerve [VII]

F -Pulls hyoid bone upward and back

O -Inferior mental spine on inner surface of mandible

I -Anterior surface of body of hyoid bone

In -Branch from anterior ramus of C1 (carried along the hypoglossal nerve [XII])

F -Fixed mandible elevates and pulls hyoid bone forward; fixed hyoid bone pulls mandible downward and inward

O -Mylohyoid line on mandible

I -Body of hyoid bone and fibers from muscle on opposite side

In -Mylohyoid nerve from inferior alveolar branch of mandibular nerve [V3]

F - Support and elevation of floor of mouth; elevation of hyoid

O - Posterior aspect of sternoclavicular joint and adjacent manubrium of sternum

I -Body of hyoid bone medial to attachment of omohyoid muscle

In -Anterior rami of C1 to C3 through the ansa cervicalis

F -Depresses hyoid bone after swallowing

O -Superior border of scapula medial to suprascapular notch

I -Lower border of body of hyoid bone just lateral to attachment of sternohyoid

In -Anterior rami of C1 to C3 through the ansa cervicalis

F - Depresses and fixes hyoid bone

O - Posterior surface of manubrium of sternum

I -Oblique line on lamina of thyroid cartilage

In -Anterior rami of C1 to C3 through the ansa cervicalis

F -Draws larynx (thyroid cartilage) downward

O -Oblique line on lamina of thyroid cartilage

I -Greater horn and adjacent aspect of body of hyoid bone

In -Fibers from anterior ramus of C1 carried along hypoglossal nerve [XII]

F -Depresses hyoid bone, but when hyoid bone is fixed raises larynx

O -Inferior angle of the crest of the spine of the scapula, lateral margin of acromion, anterior border of lateral one-third of clavicle

I -Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

In -Axillary nerve [C5,C6]

F -Major abductor of arm (abducts arm beyond initial 15* done by supraspinatus); clavicular fibers assist in flexing the arm; posterior fibers assist in extending the arm

O -Elongate oval area on the posterior surface of the inferior angle of the scapula

I -Medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus on the anterior surface of the humerus

In -Lower (inferior) subscapular nerve [C5,C6.C7]

F -Medial rotation, adduction, and extension of the arm at the glenohumeral joint

O -Supraspinatus Fossa

I -Most superior facet on the greater tubercle of the humerus

In -Suprascapular nerve [C5,C6]

F -Rotator cuff muscle; initiation of abduction of arm to 15* at glenohumeral joint

O -Infraspinatus Fossa

I -Middle facet on posterior surface of the greater tubercle of the humerus

In -Suprascapular nerve [C5,C6]

F -Rotator cuff muscle; lateral rotation of arm at the glenohumeral joint

O -Middle part of lateral border of scapula

I -Inferior facet on the posterior surface of the greater tubercle of the humerus

In -Axillary nerve [C5,C6]

F -Rotator cuff muscle; lateral rotation of arm at the glenohumeral joint

O -Subscapular fossa

I -Lesser tubercle of humerus

In -Upper & lower subscapular nerves [C5,C6,C7]

F -Rotator cuff muscle; medial rotation of the arm at glenohumeral joint

O -Long head-supraglenoid tubercle of scapula; short head-apex of coracoid process

I -Radial tuberosity

In -Musculocutaneous nerve [C5,C6]

F -Powerful flexor of the forearm at the elbow joint and supinator of the forearm; accessory flexor of the arm at glenohumeral joint

O -Long head-infraglenoid tubercle of scapula; medial & lateral heads-posterior surface of humerus

I -Olecranon

In -Radial nerve [C6,C7,C8]

F -Extension of the forearm at elbow joint. Long head can also extend & adduct the arm at glenohumeral joint

O -Apex of coracoid process

I -Linear roughening on midshaft of humerus on medial side

In - Musculocutaneous nerve [C5,C6,C7]

F -Flexor of the arm at glenohumeral joint

O -Anterior aspect of humerus (medial & lateral surfaces) & adjacent intermuscular septae

I -Tuberosity of ulna

In - Musculocutaneous nerve [C5,C6]; (small contribution by radial nerve [C7] to lateral part of muscle)

F -Powerful flexor of the forearm at elbow joint

O -Proximal part of lateral supraepicondylar ridge of humerus & adjacent intermuscular septum

I -Lateral surface of distal end of radius

In -Radial nerve [C5,C6] before division into superficial & deep branches

F -Accessory flexor of elbow joint when forearm is midpronated

O -Superficial part-lateral epicondyle of humerus, radial collateral & anular ligaments; deep part-supinator crest of ulna

I -Lateral surface of radius superior to the anterior oblique line

In -Posterior interosseous nerve [C6,C7]

F -Supination

O -Lateral epicondyle of humerus

I -Olecranon & proximal posterior surface of ulna

In -Radial nerve [C6,C7,C8] (via branch to medial head of triceps brachii)

F -Abduction of the ulna in pronation; accessory extensor of elbow joint

O -Lateral epicondyle of humerus & posterior border of ulna

I -Tubercle on base of the medial side of metacarpal V

In -Posterior interosseous nerve [C7,C8]

F -Extends & adducts the wrist

O -Distal part of lateral supraepicondylar ridge of humerus & adjacent intermuscular septum

I -Dorsal surface of base of metacarpal II

In -Radial nerve [C6,C7] before division into superficial & deep branches

F -Extends and abducts the wrist

O -Lateral epincondyle of humerus & adjacent intermuscular septum

I -Dorsal surface of base of metacarpals II & III

In -Deep branch of radial nerve [C7,C8] before penetrating supinator muscle

F -Extends & abducts the wrist

O -Lateral epicondyle of humerus & adjacent intermuscular septum & deep fascia

I -Four tendons, which insert via extensor hoods into the dorsal aspects of the bases of the middle & distal phalanges of the index, middle, ring, & little fingers

In -Posterior interosseous nerve [C7,C8]

F -Extends the index, middle, ring, & little fingers; can also extend the wrist

O -Posterior surface of ulna (distal to extensor pollicis longus) & adjacent interosseous membrane

I -Extensor hood of index finger

In -Posterior interosseus nerve [C7,C8]

F -Extends index finger

O -Lateral epicondyle of humerus & adjacent intermuscular septum together with extensor digitorum

I -Extensor hood of the little finger

In -Posterior interosseous nerve [C7,C8]

F -Extends the little finger

O -Posterior surface of ulna & radius (distal to the attachments of supinator & anconeus), & intervening interosseous membrane

I -Lateral side of base of metacarpal I

In -Posterior interosseous nerve [C7,C8]

F -Abducts carpometacarpal joint of thumb; accessory extensor of the thumb

O -Posterior surface of ulna (distal to the abductor pollicis longus) & adjacent interosseous membrane

I -Dorsal surface of base of distal phalanx of thumb

In -Posterior interosseous nerve [C7,C8]

F -Extends interphalangeal joint of the thumb; can also extend carpometacarpal & metacarpophalangeal joints of the thumb

O -Posterior surface of radius (distal to the abductor pollicis longus) & adjacent interosseous membrane

I -Dorsal surface of base of proximal phalanx of thumb

In -Posterior interosseous nerve [C7,C8]

F -Extends interphalangeal joint of the thumb; can also extend carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

O -Humeral head-common flexor tendon off the medial epicondyle of humerus; ulnar head-olecranon & posterior border of ulna

I -Pisoform bone, and then via pisohamate & pisometacarpal ligaments onto the hamate & base of metacarpal V

In -Median n. [C7-T1]

F -Flexes & adducts the wrist

O -Humeral head-common flexor tendon off the medial epicondyle of humerus & adjacent supraepicondylar ridge; ulnar head-medial side of coronoid process

I -Roughening on lateral surface, midshaft of radius

In -Median n. [C6-C7]

F -Pronation

O -Common flexor tendon off the medial epicondyle of humerus

I -Base of metacarpals II and III

In -Median n. [C6,C7]

F -Flexes & abducts the wrist

O -Common flexor tendon off the medial epicondyle of humerus

I -Palmar aponeurosis of the hand

In -Median n. [C7,C8]

F -Flexes wrist joint; b/c the palmar aponeurosis anchors skin of the hand, contraction of the muscle resists shear forces when gripping

O -Linear ridge on distal anterior surface of ulna

I -Distal anterior surface of radius

In -Median n. (anterior interosseus n.) [C7,C8]

F -Pronation

O -Anterior surface of radius & radial half of interosseous membrane

I -Palmar surface of base of distal phalanx of thumb

In -Median n. (anterior interosseous n.) [C7,C8]

F -Flexes interphalangeal joint of the thumb; can also flex metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb

O -Anterior & medial surface of ulna & anterior medial half of interosseous membrane

I -Four tendons, which attach to the palmar surfaces of the distal phalanges of the index, middle, ring & little fingers

In -Lateral half by Median n. (anterior interosseous n.); medial half by Ulnar n. [C8,T1]

F -Flexes distal interphalangeal joints of the index, middle, ring & little fingers; can also flex metacarpophalangeal joints of the same fingers and the wrist joint

O -Humero-ulnar head-common flexor tendon off the medial epicondyle of humerus & adjacent margin of coronoid process; radial head-oblique line of radius

I -Four tendons, which attach to the palmar surfaces of the middle phalanges of the index, middle, ring & little fingers

In -Median n. [C8,T1]

F -Flexes proximal interphalangeal joints of the index, middle, ring & little fingers; can also flex metacarpophalangeal joints of the same fingers & the wrist joint

O -Side of metacarpals

I -Extensor hoods of thumb, index, ring & little fingers and the proximal phalanx of the thumb

In -Deep branch of Ulnar n. [C8,T1]

F -Adduction of thumb, index, ring & little fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints

O -Adjacent sides of metacarpals

I -Extensor hoods and base of proximal phalanges of index, middle & ring fingers

In -Deep branch of Ulnar n. [C8,T1]

F -Abduction of index, middle & ring fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints

O -Transverse head-metacarpal III; oblique head-capitate & bases of metacarpals II & III

I -Base of proximal phalanx & extensor hood of thumb

In -Deep branch of Ulnar n. [C8,T1]

F -Adducts thumb

O -Pisiform, the pisohamate ligament & tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris

I -Proximal phalanx of little finger

In -Deep branch of Ulnar n. [C8,T1]

F -Abducts little finger at metacarpophalangeal joint

O -Hook of hamate & flexor retinaculum

I -Medial aspect of metacarpal

In -Deep branch of Ulnar n. [C8,T1]

F -Laterally rotates metacarpal V

O -Hook of hamate & flexor retinaculum

I -Proximal phalanx of little finger

In -Deep branch of Ulnar n. [C8,T1]

F -Flexes little finger at metacarpophalangeal joint

O -Tubercles of scaphoid & trapezium & adjacent flexor retinaculum

I -Proximal phalanx & extensor hood of thumb

In -Recurrent branch of Median n. [C8,T1]

F -Abducts thumb at metacarpophalangeal joint

O -Tubercle of trapezium & flexor retinaculum

I -Proximal phalanx of thumb

In -Recurrent branch of Median n. [C8,T1]

F -Flexes thumb at metacarpophalangeal joint

O -Tubercle of trapezium & flexor retinaculum

I -Lateral margin & adjacent palmar surface of metacarpal I

In -Recurrent branch of Median n. [C8,T1]

F -Medially rotates thumb

O -Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus

I -Extensor hoods of index, middle, ring & little fingers

• In -Medial two by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve; lateral two by digital
• branches of the median nerve

F -Flex metacarpophalangeal joints while extending interphalangeal joints

• 1st & 2nd (medial)
• O -One flexor tendon and are unipennate

• 3rd & 4th (lateral)
• O -Two flexor tendons and are bipennate

O -Pubic crest, pubic tubercle & pubic symphysis

I -Costal cartilages of ribs V to VII; xiphoid process

In -Anterior rami of lower thoracic spinal nerves [T7-T12]

F -Compress abdominal contents; flex vertebral column; tense abdominal wall

O -Muscular slips from the outer surfaces of the lower eight ribs (ribs V to XII)

I -Lateral lip of iliac crest; aponeurosis ending in midline raphae (linea alba)

In -Anterior rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerves [T7-T12]

F -Compress abdominal contents; both muscles flex trunk; each muscle bends trunk to same side, turning anterior part of abdomen to opposite side

O -Thoracolumbar fascia; iliac crest between origins of external & transversus; lateral two-thirds of inguinal ligament

I -Inferior border of the lower three or four ribs; aponeurosis ending in linea alba; pubic crest & pectineal line

In -Anterior rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerves [T7-T12] and L1

F -Compress abdominal contents; both muscles flex trunk; each muscle bends trunk & turns anterior part of abdomen to same side

O -Thoracolumbar fascia; medial lip of iliac crest; lateral one-third of inguinal ligament; costal cartilages lower six ribs (ribs VII to XII)

I -Aponeurosis ending in linea alba; pubic crest & pectineal line

In -Anterior rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerves [T7-T12] and L1

F -Compress abdominal contents

O -Transverse process of LV vertebra, iliolumbar ligament & iliac crest

I -Transverse processes of LI to LIV vertebrae & inferior border of rib XII

In -Anterior rami of T12 and L1-L4

F -Depress & stabilize rib XII & some lateral bending of trunk

O -Front of pubis & pubic symphysis

I -Into linea alba

In -Anterior ramus of T12

F -Tenses the linea alba

O -Anterior surface of sacrum between anterior sacral foramina

I -Medial side of superior border of greater trochanter of femur

In -Branches of L5,S1,S2

F -Laterally rotates the extended femur at hip joint; abducts flexed femur at hip joint

O -External surface of ischial spine

I -Along length of superior surface of the obturator internus tendon & into the medial side of greater trochanter of femur with obturator internus tendon

In -Nerve to Obturator Internus [L5,S1]

F -Laterally rotates the extended femur at hip joint; abducts flexed femur at hip joint

O -Anterolateral wall of pelvis; deep surface of obturator membrane & surrounding bone

I -Medial side of greater trochanter of femur

In -Nerve to Obturator Internus [L5,S1]

F -Laterally rotates the extended femur at hip joint; abducts flexed femur at hip joint

O -Upper aspect of ischial tuberosity

I -Along length of inferior surface of the obturator internus tendon & into the medial side of greater trochanter of femur with obturator internus tendon

In -Nerve to Quadratus Femoris [L5,S1]

F -Laterally rotates the extended femur at hip joint; abducts flexed femur at hip joint

O -Lateral aspect of the ischium just anterior to the ischial tuberosity

I -Quadrate tubercle on the intertrochanteric crest of the proximal femur

In -Nerve to Quadratus Femoris [L5,S1]

F -Laterally rotates femur at hip joint

O -Lateral aspect of crest of ilium between anterior superior iliac spine & tubercle of the crest

I -Iliotibial tract of fascia lata

In -Superior gluteal n. [L4,L5,S1]

F -Stabilizes the knee in extension

O -External surface of ilium between anterior & posterior gluteal lines

I - Elongate facet on the lateral surface of the greater trochanter

In -Superior gluteal n. [L4,L5,S1]

F -Abducts femur at hip joint; hold pelvis secure over stance leg & prevents pelvic drop on the opposite swing side during walking; medially rotates thigh

O -External surface of ilium between inferior & anterior gluteal lines

I -Linear facet on anterolateral aspect of greater trochanter

In -Superior gluteal nerve [L4,L5,S1]

F -Abducts femur at hip joint; holds pelvis secure over stance leg & prevents pelvic drop on the opposite swing side during walking; meidally rotates thigh

O -Fascia covering gluteus medius, external surface of ilium behind posterior gluteal line, fascia of erector spinae, dorsal surface of lower sacrum, lateral margin of coccyx, external surface of sacrotuberous ligament

I -Posterior aspect of iliotibial tract of fascia lata & gluteal tuberosity of proximal femur

In -Inferior gluteal nerve [L5,S1,S2]

F -Powerful extensor of flexed femur at hip joint; lateral stabilizer of hip joint & knee joint; laterally rotates & abducts thigh

O -Long head-inferomedial part of upper area of ischial tuberosity; short head-lateral lip of linea aspera

I -Head of fibula

In -Long head-tibial division of Sciatic n.; short head-common fibular division of Sciatic n. [L5,S1,S2]

F -Flexes leg at knee joint; extends & laterally rotates thigh at hip joint & laterally rotates leg at knee joint

O -Inferomedial part of upper area of ischial tuberosity

I -Medial surface of proximal tibia

In -Tibial division of Sciatic n. [L5,S1,S2]

F -Flexes leg at knee joint & extends thigh at hip joint; medially rotates thigh at hip joint & leg at knee joint

O -Superolateral impression on ischial tuberosity

I -Groove & adjacent bone on medial & posterior surface of medial tibial condyle

In -Tibial division of Sciatic n. [L5,S1,S2]

F -Flexes leg at knee joint & extends thigh at hip joint; medially rotates thigh at hip joint & leg at knee joint

O -Posterior abdominal wall (iliac fossa)

I -Lesser trochanter of femur

In -Femoral nerve [L2, L3]

F -Flexes the thigh at the hip joint

O -Posterior abdominal wall (lumbar transverse processes, intervertebral discs, and adjacent bodies from TXII to LV and tendinous arches between these points)

I -Lesser trochanter of femur

In -Anterior rami [L1, L2, L3]

F -Flexes the thigh at the hip joint

O -Femur-upper two-thirds of anterior and lateral surfaces

I -Quadriceps femoris tendon and lateral margin of patella

In -Femoral nerve [L2, L3, L4]

F -Extends the leg at the knee joint

O -Femur-medial part of intertrochanteric line, pectineal line, medial lip of the linea aspera, medial supracondylar line

I -Quadriceps femoris tendon and medial border of patella

In -Femoral nerve [L2, L3, L4]

F -Extends the leg at the knee joint

O -Femur-lateral part of intertrochanteric line, margin of greater trochanter, lateral margin of gluteal tuberosity, lateral lip of the linea aspera

I -Quadriceps femoris tendon

In -Femoral nerve [L2, L3, L4]

F -Extends the leg at the knee joint

O -Anterior superior iliac spine

I -Medial surface of tibia just inferomedial to tibial tuberosity

In -Femoral nerve [L2, L3]

F -Flexes the thigh at the hip joint and flexes the leg at the knee joint; abducts and laterally rotates thigh

O -Straight head originates from the anterior inferior iliac spine; reflected head originates from the ilium just superior to the acetabulum

I -Quadriceps femoris tendon

In -Femoral nerve [L2, L3, L4]

F -Flexes the thigh at the hip joint and extends the leg at the knee joint

O -A line on the external surfaces of the body of the pubis, the inferior pubic ramus, and the ramus of the ischium

I -Medial surface of proximal shaft of tibia

In -Obturator nerve [L2, L3]

F -Adducts thigh at hip joint and flexes leg at knee joint

O -External surface of body of pubis and inferior pubic ramus

I -Posterior surface of proximal femur and upper one-third of linea aspera

In -Obturator nerve [L2, L3]

F -Adducts thigh at hip joint

O -Pectineal line (pecten pubis) and adjacent bone of pelvis

I -Oblique line extending from base of lesser trochanter to linea aspera on posterior surface of proximal femur

In -Femoral nerve [L2, L3]

F -Adducts and flexes thigh at hip joint

O -External surface of body of pubis (triangular depression inferior to pubic crest and lateral to pubic symphysis)

I -Linea aspera on middle one-third of shaft of femur

In -Obturator nerve (anterior division) [L2, L3, L4]

F -Adducts and medially rotates thigh at hip joint

• O -Adductor part-ischiopubic ramus;
• -Hamstring part-ischial tuberosity

• I -Posterior surface of proximal femur, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line;
• -Adductor tubercle and supracondylar line

• In -Obturator nerve [L2, L3, L4];
• -Sciatic nerve (tibial division) [L2, L3, L4]

F -Adducts and medially rotates thigh at hip joint

O -External surface of obturator membrane and adjacent bone

I -Trochanteric fossa

In -Obturator nerve (posterior division) [L3, L4]

F -Laterally rotates thigh at hip joint

• O -Medial head-posterior surface of distal femur just superior to medial condyle;
• -Lateral head-upper posterolateral surface of lateral femoral condyle

I -Via calcaneal tendon, to posterior surface of calcaneus

In -Tibial nerve [S1, S2]

F -Plantarflexes foot and flexes knee

O -Inferior part of lateral supracondylar line of femur and oblique popliteal ligament of knee

I -Via calcaneal tendon, to posterior surface of calcaneus

In -Tibial nerve [S1, S2]

F -Plantarflexes foot and flexes knee

O -Soleal line and medial border of tibia; posterior aspect of fibular head and adjacent surfaces of neck and proximal shaft; tendinous arch between tibial and fibular attachments

I -Via calcaneal tendon, to posterior surface of calcaneus

In -Tibial nerve [S1, S2]

F -Plantarflexes the foot

O -Lateral femoral condyle

I -Posterior surface of proximal tibia

In -Tibial nerve [L4-S1]

• F -Stabilizes knee joint (resists lateral rotation of tibia on femur)
• - Unlocks knee joint (laterally rotates femur on fixed tibia)

O -Posterior surface of fibula and adjacent interosseous membrane

I -Plantar surface of distal phalanx of great toe

In -Tibial nerve [S2, S3]

F -Flexes great toe

O -Medial side of posterior surface of the tibia

I -Plantar surfaces of bases of distal phalanges of the lateral four toes

In -Tibial nerve [S2, S3]

F -Flexes lateral four toes

O -Posterior surfaces of interosseous membrane and adjacent regions of tibia and fibula

I -Mainly to tuberosity of navicular and adjacent region of medial cuneiform

In -Tibial nerve [L4, L5]

F -Inversion and plantarflexion of foot; support of medial arch of foot during walking

O -Upper lateral surface of fibula, head of fibula, and occasionally the lateral tibial condyle

I -Undersurface of lateral sides of distal end of medial cuneiform and base of metatarsal I

In -Superficial fibular nerve [L5, S1, S2]

F -Eversion and plantarflexion of foot; supports arches of foot

O -Lateral surface of tibia and adjacent interosseous membrane

I -Medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform and adjacent surfaces on base of metatarsal I

In -Deep fibular nerve [L4, L5]

F -Dorsiflexion of foot at ankle joint; inversion of foot; dynamic support of medial arch of foot

O -Lower two-thirds of lateral surface of shaft of fibula

I -Lateral tubercle at base of metatarsal V

In -Superficial fibular nerve [L5, S1, S2]

F -Eversion of foot

O -Middle one-half of medial surface of fibula and adjacent surface of interosseous membrane

I -Dorsal surface of base of distal phalanx of great toe

In -Deep fibular nerve [L5, S1]

F -Extension of great toe and dorsiflexion of foot

O -Distal part of medial surface of fibula

I -Dorsomedial surface of base of metatarsal V

In -Deep fibular nerve [L5, S1]

F -Dorsiflexion and eversion of foot

O -Proximal one-half of medial surface of fibula and related surface of lateral tibial condyle

I -Via dorsal digital expansions into bases of distal and middle phalanges of lateral four toes

In -Deep fibular nerve [L5, S1]

F -Extension of lateral four toes and dorsiflexion of foot

O -Superolateral surface of the calcaneus

I -Base of proximal phalanx of great toe and lateral sides of the tendons of extensor digitorum longus of toes II to IV

In -Deep fibular nerve [S1, S2]

F -Extension of metatarsophalangeal joint of great toe and extension of toes II to IV

O -Medial process of calcaneal tuberosity

I -Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of great toe

In -Medial plantar nerve from the tibial nerve [S1, S2, S3]

F -Abducts and flexes great toe at metatarsophalangeal joint

O -Medial process of calcaneal tuberosity and plantar aponeurosis

I -Sides of plantar surface of middle phalanges of lateral four toes

In -Medial plantar nerve from the tibial nerve [S1, S2, S3]

F -Flexes lateral four toes at proximal interphalangeal joint

O -Lateral and medial processes of calcaneal tuberosity, and band of connective tissue connecting calcaneus with base of metatarsal V

I -Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of little toe

In -Lateral plantar nerve from the tibial nerve [S1, S2, S3]

F -Abducts little toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint

O -Medial surface of calcaneus and lateral process of calcaneal tuberosity

I -Lateral side of tendon of flexor digitorum longus in proximal sole of the foot

In -Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve [S1, S2, S3]

F -Assists flexor digitorum longus tendon in flexing toes II to V

• O -First lumbrical-medial side of tendon of flexor digitorum longus associated with toe II;
• -Second, third, and fourth lumbricals-adjacent surfaces of adjacent tendons of flexor digitorum longus

I -Medial free margins of extensor hoods of toes II to V

• In -First lumbrical-medial plantar nerve from the tibial nerve;
• -Second, third, and fourth lumbricals-lateral plantar nerve from the tibial nerve [S2, S3]

F -Flexion of metatarsophalangeal joint and extension of interphalangeal joints

O -Plantar surface of cuboid and lateral cuneiform; tendon of tibialis posterior

I -Lateral and medial sides of base of proximal phalanx of the great toe

In -Medial plantar nerve from tibial nerve [S1, S2]

F -Flexes metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe

O -Base of metatarsal V and related sheath of fibularis longus tendon

I -Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of little toe

In -Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve [S2, S3]

F -Flexes little toe at metatarsophalangeal joint

• O -Transverse head-ligaments associated with metatarsophalangeal joints of lateral three toes;
• - Oblique head-bases of metatarsals II to IV and from sheath covering fibularis longus

I -Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of great toe

In -Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve [S2, S3]

F -Adducts great toe at metatarsophalangeal joint

O -Sides of adjacent metatarsals

I -Extensor hoods and bases of proximal phalanges of toes II to IV

• In -Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve;
• -First and second dorsal interossei also innervated by deep fibular nerve [S2, S3]

F -Abduction of toes II to IV at metatarsophalangeal joints; resist extension of metatarsophalangeal joints and flexion of interphalangeal joints

O -Medial sides of metatarsals of toes III to V

I -Extensor hoods and bases of proximal phalanges of toes III to V

In -Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve [S2, S3]

F -Adduction of toes III to V at metatarsophalangeal joints; resist extension of the metatarsophalangeal joints and flexion of the interphalangeal joints