World History Ch. 22 - 27

Leader of Portugal.  He promoted voyages of exploration in West Africa specifically to enter the gold trade, discover profitable trade routes and much more.

Navigational instrument for determining latitude

In 1488 he rounded the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian Ocean

Proposed sailing to the markets of Asia by a western route

An island in modern Indonesia and formally home to the capital of the Duct East Indies and the city of Batavia

Led 3 expeditions to the Pacific and died in a scuffle with indigenous people of Hawaii.

Early forerunner of the modern corporation; individuals who invested in a trading venture could make huge profits while limiting their risk.

A global conflict in that it took place in several distinct geographic theaters and involved Asian and indigenous American people and Europeans.

British joint-stock company that grew to be a state within a state in India, posses its own armed forces.

The global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human populations and disease.

German monk and Catholic priest who became a critical figure in what became the Protestant Reformation

The inventor of the printing press

16th century European movement during which Luther, Calvin, Zwingli and others broke away from the Catholic church.

Assembly of high Roman Catholic church officials which met over a period of years to institute reforms in order to increase morality and improve priests.

People that went on the offensive side and sought to extend the boundaries of the reformed Catholic Church.

A series of religious wars that was started by the Holy Roman emperor and ultimately included Dutch, German, Swedish, Danish, Polish, Bohemian and Russian forces.  It was the most destructive conflict before the 20th century ****

Institution organized in 1478 by Fernando and Isabel of Spain to detect heresy and the secret practice of Judaism and Islam.

The events that led to the replacement of the Catholic English King James II by his Protestant daughter Mary II and her Dutch husband William of Orange

Political philosophy that stressed the divine right theory of kingship; the French King Louis XIV was a great example.

French king who declared himself "The Sun King."  He was an absolute monarch who kept order in his country, established new industries and enlarged France.  France became the preeminent power in Europe.

Russian tsar of the Romanov family who sought to remake Russia into a model of the western European states.

Sought to make Russia a great power; worked to improve governmental efficiency by dividing her vast empire into 58 administrative providences.

An economic system with origins in early modern Europe in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market.

Method of getting around guild control by delivering unfinished materials to rural households for completion.

a labor system that required peasants to provide labor services for landowners and prevented them from marrying or moving away.

Polish astronomer that argued that the sun, rather than the earth, stood at the center of the universe and that the planets, including the earth, revolved around the sun.

The idea that the natural world could be explained by observation and mathematics

English mathematician who's work united the heavens and earth into a vast cosmic system.  He discovered gravity, laws of motion.

system the gave Spanish settlers the right to compel the indigenous people of the Americas to work in the mines or fields

Spanish conquistador that toppled the Inca empire in Peru

Latin American term for children of Spanish and native parentage

Latin American officials from Spain or Portugal

An area in the Mexican Andes (present day Bolivia) with rich silver mines

Labor source for plantations; wealth planters would pay the laboring poor to sell a portion of their working lives, usually 7 years in exchange for passage.

The Virgin Mary appeared before the peasant Jaun Diego near Mexico City in 1531.  She gained a reputation for working miracles.  Her popularity helped ensure that Roman Catholic Christianity would dominate Mexico's culture and religion.

African queen of Angola who, for 40 years, led a spirited resistance against the Portuguese.  She dressed as a male warrior during battle and insisted on being called King

Polish astronomer that argued that the sun, rather than the earth, stood at the center of the universe and that the planets, including the earth, revolved around the sun.

Kingdom in Southern Africa named Ndongo.  The Portuguese renamed it this name.

Most important American crop brought to Sub-Saharan Africa because of its high yield and ability to grow in tropical soils

In exchange for slaves, African peoples received European manufactured products from Europe.

Trade between Europe, Africa and the Americas that featured finished products from Europe, slaves from Africa and Americas products bound for Europe

The trans-Atlantic journey made by slaves from Africa to the western hemisphere on slave ships

the dispersal of African peoples and the descendants

A large estate that produces crops

A synthetic religion of Christianity and African beliefs practiced in Haiti

Castrated males originally in charge of the harem who grew to play major roles in government; common in China and other societies.

Chinese dynasty founded by Hong Mu and known for its cultural brilliance

Chinese dynasty that reached its peak during the reigns of Kang Xia and Qianlong

Philosophy that attempted to merge certain basic elements of Confucian and Buddhist thought

Last shogunate in Japanese history

Japanese theater in which actors were free to improvise and embellish words.

Powerful Turkish empire that lasted from the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 until 1918 and reached its peak during the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent

Islamic dynasty that rules India from the 16th-18th centuries; construction of the Tahj Mahal is representative of the splendor

Later Persian empire that was founded by Shah Ismail and that became the center for Shiism

Christian boys in the Balkans forced into slavery by the Ottomans who became soldiers.  They were also required to convert to Islam.

Ruler of Ottoman empire that vigorously promoted Ottoman expansion both in southwest Asia and Europe. Under his reign they also became a major naval power

The most famous of the Mughal monuments.  Built by Fatehpur Sikri as a mosque and tomb for his beloved wife.

Ottoman requirement that the Christians in the Balkans provide your boys to be slaves of the Sultan

Most famous European writer.  His works reflected the period well because he focused on humanism as well as politics

A piece of paper that the faithful could purchase to reduce time in purgatory.

King of England that split with the Catholic church because he could not get his marriage annulled.

An invention that made books easy to produce and thus more affordable.

18th century philosophical movement that began in France.  Its emphasis was on the preeminence of reason rather than faith or tradition

A country actively seeks trade, but tries not to import more than exported

Queen of England and daughter of King Henry VIII who oversaw the golden age in the arts, boasted commercial expansion, exploration and colonization of the New World

Russian leader who refused to pay tribute to the Mongols and declared Russia free from Mongol rule

gold or silver in bulk (bars) before being made into coins

Small Spanish or Portuguese sailing ships

Political or cultural dominance or authority over others

is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving his right to rule directly from the will of God.

Slaves were considered actual property who could be bought, sold, traded or inherited

Made up of all resettled Indians, supposed to protect Indians from outside influences. Demarcated Indian property

An enlightenment view that accepted the existence of a god but denied the supernatural aspects of Christianity

a person of mixed white and black ancestry, especially a person with one white and one black parent.

a person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean.