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What is the scientific name for an African Hedgehog? (aka 4-toed, African pygmy, white bellied hedgehog)
Atelerix albiventris
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Which hedgehog are smaller and do not hibernate?
Atelerix albiventris, African hedgehog
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What family and order do hedgehogs belong to?
- Family: Erinaceidae
- Order: Insectivora
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Which hedgehog hibernates and is protected?
Erinaceus europaeus
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What is the scientific name for European hedgehogs?
Erinaceus europaeus
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What is the natural environment of hedgehogs?
Desert, Brush areas
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Name some things about the biological nature of hedgehogs.
- Nocturnal/Crepuscular
- Soilitary: 1 male harem
- Omnivores, with Insect predilection
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Describe unique features of the hedgehog anatomy.
- Unique musculature:
- Frontodorsalis m.
- Caudodorsalis m.
- Panniculus carnosis orbicularis m.
- Spines;barbed, no toxin
- Closed rooted teeth
- Dental Formula:
- I3/2,C1/1,PM3/2,M3/3
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- F=Frontodorsalis m.
- P=Panniculus carnosis orbicularis m.
- C=Caudodorsalis m
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Describe special senses of hedgehogs.
- Smell via vomeronasal organ
- Self-Anoint, Anting
- odor stimuli
- frothy saliva
- lapped onto spines of back/flank
- toxins damage potential attacker
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What is the gestation and litter size of hedgehogs?
- Gestation: 34-37 days
- Litter size: 1-7 (usually born at night;will cannibalize if disturbed)
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How do you determine pregnancy in hedgehogs?
>50g weight gain 3 weeks after being with male, Rads, Ultrasound
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What is the husbandry for hedgehogs?
- Temp: 75-85°F; Humidity: 30-40°/o
- Light: full spectrum, sun light
- Solid bottom cage with lid; absorbant, non-toxic substrate (avoid cloth and towels)
- Hide Box: PVC, cardboard
- Solid exercise wheel and/or swimming
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What is the dietary requirements of hedgehogs?
- Omnivores: Insect predilection
- Protein: 30-50% DMB
- Dry, reduced calorie cat/dog food
- Supplement: 1 tbsp fruits and vegetables, gut loaded insects
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What are the proper restraint methods for hedgehogs?
- Isoflurane
- Gloves: leather, towels
- Scruffing
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What are the reference intervals/physiologic data for physical exams of hedgehogs?
- T=97-99°F
- P=>180-200 bpm
- R=>30 (usually panting in exam room)
- Wt= 250-700g (African)
- Life Expectancy:
- wild=1-4 years
- captive=5-8 yrs
- Do not hibernate
- Sneezing and hissing noises when threatened(differentiate from pathology)
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What are the venipuncture sites for a <0.5 ml blood draw in hedgehogs?
- lateral saphenous vein
- cephalic vein
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What are the venipuncture sites for a >5 ml blood draw in hedge hogs?
- jugular vein
- femoral vessels
- cranial vena cava
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What is the maximum amount of blood that can be drawn from a hedgehog?
1% of BW (1ml/100g)
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How is a venipuncture performed when using the cranial vena cava site in hedgehogs?
- Anesthetized
- 3cc syringe
- 25 gauge, 0.5 inch needle
- Landmarks: 1st rib and manubrium joint, line syringe parallel with long axis of body and enter skin at 45° angle.
- *shallow vessel
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Describe therapeutic routes of hedgehogs.
- Oral: sweet things or meal worms
- IO catheter: femur
- IM injections
- Cat & Dog drugs are okay
- No hind gut fermentation
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What are ectoparasites are a problem for hedgehogs?
- Mites
- Fleas
- Ticks
- Myiasis-fly larvae: Lucila sp.
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Which mites are of concern for hedgehogs?
- Caparinia tripilis: macroscopic and covers large surface of body. Puritis, quill loss, anorexia.
- Chorioptes sp.Sarcoptes sp.
- Demodex erinacei
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How is Caparinia tripilis(mange) diagnosed and treated in hedgehogs?
- Dx: skin scrape, microscopic examination
- Tx: Ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg SQ q 2-3 weeks X3 doses)
- Tx: Lyme sulfur spray
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What drugs can be used for fleas, ticks and myiasis in hedgehogs?
Kitten safe products: Advantage, Frontline, Revolution
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What GI diseases are seen in hedgehogs?
- Dental: tartar, gingivitis, SCC
- Obesity: lower basal metabolic rate of desert species-in wild, majority of time spent foraging for food.
- Hepatic LipidosisSalmonellosis
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Describe renal disease in hedgehogs.
- 22% renal dz on necropsy survey
- glomerular and tubular problems
- nephrolithiasis(kidney stones)
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What respiratory diseases are seen in hedgehogs?
- Pneumonia: nasal d/c, sneezing, dyspnea
- Pasteurella
- Bordetella
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What neoplasms are seen more in hedgehogs?
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Which neurological disease is of concern in hedgehogs?
- Demyelinating paralysis=Wobbly Hedgehog Dz
- -Unknown etiology
- -18-24 mos old
- -progressive ataxia, wt. loss
- -ascending paralysis, death
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What is the scientific name for chinchillas?
- Chinchilla lanigeraRodent in Family Chinchillidae
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What is the natural environment of chinchillas?
- Andes Mountains, South America
- -cold/temperate climate
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nearly extinct by hunting for fur
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What is the biological behaviors of chinchillas?
- Nocturnal/Crepuscular
- Social: 2-5/burrow; up to 100 in colonies
- Herbivores
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Describe unique features of the anatomy of chinchillas. (a lot!)
- 1. Open rooted teeth-hypsodont
- -yellow colored incisors(5.5-6.5cm/yr)
- -malocclusion tendencies
- 2. Cecum
- -smaller than rabbits
- -cecotrophs=coprophagic
- 3.Bones
- -thin, fragile cortex
- -tibial functions
- 4. Bullae(auditory)
- -large and well developed
- -research subject
- 5. Fur-slip
- -easily epilated fur
- -escape from predators
- -months to regrow
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What is the dental formula for chinchillas?
I-1/1, C-0/0, PM-1/1, M-3/3
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Describe Chinchilla reproduction.
- Seasonally polyestrous
- -Nov-May
- -40d estrous cycle
- -postpartum estrus days after parturition
- -can breed year round in captivity
- Sexually mature at 4-12 mos
- -Fall born mature at 12 mos
- -Spring born mature at 4 mos
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Describe the gestation, parturition and neonatology of Chinchillas.
- Gestation: 111days
- Parturition: early morning, onto floor (no nest)
- Litter size: 1-6 pups
- Birth wt: 30-50g
- Precocious
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What is unique about the female reproductive anatomy of chinchillas?
- Two uterine horns/one cervix
- Vaginal membrane open at estrus/parturition only
- Discharge vaginal plug after breeding
- Cone shaped clitoris ventral to vagina
- 2 pairs of mammary glands
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What is unique about the male reproductive anatomy of chinchillas?
- Open inguinal rings
- Intra-abdominal testes; descend at breeding
- Large genital papillae similar to clitoris
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What is the husbandry of chinchillas?
- Multilevel cage for climbing and jumping
- -15x15mm mesh
- -some solid portions
- -+/-solid exercise wheel
- Provide wood for gnawing
- Dust baths -silver sand and Fuller's earth at 9:1
- -remove and change daily after use
- Temp: 60-80°F Max
- -Heatstroke above 80
- Humidity 40-60% max
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What is the diet of chinchillas?
- Herbivores:
- -grass hay ad-lib; avoid alfalfa
- -chinchilla/rabbit pellets 1-2tbsp/day
- -min. 2700 cal/kg
- -protein 16-20%
- -fat 2-5%
- -fiber 18% min
- -Fruits, grains, veggies as supplement only; limited amounts
- -H2O in bottle
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What are the proper ways of restraint of chinchillas?
- Avoid fur-slip
- Scoop technique
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one hand supports ventrum and the other the dorsum. - -direct face towards your axilla
- Tail Base
- -hold at the base of tail while supporting the body
- Chemical
- -isoflurane
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Physiologic data of chinchillas?
- T: 97-99°F(object to rectal temp)
- P: 150-350 bpm
- R:40-80 bpm
- Wt:400-700g; female>male
- Life span: 10 yr avg.
- Different color mutations in captivity
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Venipuncture in chinchillas?
- 1% BW(1ml/100g)
- <0.5%ml blood
- -lateral saphenous
- -cephalic vein
- -ear vein
- >0.5%ml blood
- -Cranial Vena Cava
- -Jugular vein
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Therapeutics/Antibiotics in chinchillas?
- Small needle (23-25ga)
- -SQ: dorsum and flank
- -IM: rear limbs;max of 0.3ml per site
- -IP:10 ml max
- -IV: lat. saph., cephalic, etc
- Antibiotics
- -Avoid:Penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, any with strong G+ coverage
- -Cause enteritis/enterotoxemia
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Dental Dz in chinchillas?
- Incisors and Molars
- Slobbers
- -drooling
- -wet fur on chin, chest and forelegs
- -anorexia, wt loss
- -tongue/gingival ulcers
- Otoscope to look at molars;+/-anesthesia
- Rads
- Teeth trim
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GI dz in chinchillas?
- Colic/bloat
- Choke
- Enteritis; bacterial, improper diets, antibiotics
- Constipation/Impaction; low fiber diets
- Intussusception
- Trchobezoar
- Rectal prolapse
- Parasites; Giardia is norm in low #s
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Respiratory dz in chinchillas?
- Pneumonia
- -Pasteurella sp., Bordetella sp., Strep. sp
- -poor husbandry;overcrowding, heat, stress,etc
- -anorexia, depression, nasal discharge, dyspnea, abdominal breathing
- -unkempt hair coat
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Integumentary dz in chinchillas?
- Fur ring
- -Paraphimosis
- -check q 3 months
- Fur loss
- -Dermatophytosis; Trichophyton metagrophytes, microsporum canis, microsporum gypseum
- Bite wounds/abcesses
- Barbering
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Causes, signs, and Tx of heat stroke in chinchillas?
- Temp: >80°F
- Combo of Temp and humidity
- -T<80 with high humidity
- -both increased
- Signs: Recumbent, panting, hyperthermia, drooling, reddened ears and mucous memb., bloody diarrhea, cyanosis
- Tx: Cool H2O bath, shave, fluids and supportive therapy
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What is the scientific name of sugar gliders?
Petaurus breviceps
7 subspecies - -breviceps
- -longicaudatus
- -arieal
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Natural History of sugar gliders?
- Marsupial
- Australia, New Guinea
- Nocturnal
- Arboreal
- -Eucalyptus
- -Tree cavities
- Volplane (glide)
- Social
- Vocalization
- -crabbing=fear
- -barking=attention
- -chattering=excited
- -hissing=greeting
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Unique Anatomy of sugar gliders?
- Patagium
- -volplane
- -up to 50m
- Syndactylous
- -fused 2nd and 3rd toes
- -grooming comb
- Scent glands
- -forehead, chest, paracloacal, paws, mouth, ears
- Retina
- -avascular
- -superior night vision
- Cecum
- -gum digestion
- -short/simple
- Prehensile tail
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Unique reproductive anatomy of sugar gliders?
- Female
- -2 uteruses
- -2 vaginas
- -OHE
- -Pouch; No epipubic bones
- Male
- -Scrotum cranial to cloaca
- -bifurcated penis
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Reproduction in sugar gliders?
- Breeding
- -seasonally polyestrous
- -year-round spermatogenesis
- Sexual maturity
- -female 8-12 mo
- -male 12-15 mo
- -Adult wt (1 yr old)
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Gestation, Parturition, litter size in sugar gliders?
- Gestation: 15-17 days (step 1)
- Pouch development: 60-70 days (step 2); "Post emergence" estrus at 12d
- 1-2 young/litter; up to 2 litters/year
- Weaning: 110-112 days
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Husbandry of sugar gliders?
- 50x50x75 cm; 2 gliders max
- Wire openings;<2cm²; no galvanized wire-zinc toxicosis
- Hide box; wooden box w/ 5cm opening;hollow log; cloth bags
- Solid exercise wheel
- Branches
- Avoid toxic substrates;Newspaper toxic?
- House in groups; 2 min
- Temp: 75-85°F
- Humidity-moderate
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Diet of sugar gliders?
- Wild
- -autumn=plant exudate
- -spring/summer=invertebrates
- Captivity
- -fruit, vegetables, nectars
- -insects
- -commercial diets;*Insectivores, *Sugar glider pellets, bird pellets, monkey biscuits
- 15-25% body wt daily
- 1% Ca, 0.5% P, 1500 IU/kg feed Vit D3 DMB
- H2O in sipper bottles
- Place food and water high in cage
- +/- supplements
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Restraint of sugar gliders?
- Physical-hold head b/w thumb and middle finger while placing index finger on top of head
- Chemical-Isoflurane; Injectables *DO NOT USE TELAZOL
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Physiologic data and life expectancy of sugar gliders?
- T: 96.5-97.9°F (characteristic for marsupials)
- P:200-300 bpm
- R: 16-40 bpm
- Wt: F-95-135g; M-115-160g
- Life expectancy: Male-4 yr avg; F-5 yr avg; Captivity-15 years
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Venipuncture of sugar gliders?
- 1% BW
- Tuberculin syringe
- 26-29 ga needle
- Small sample-medial tibial artery;medial from stifle to tarsus, lateral tail veins
- Large sample-Cranial vena cava, jugular v
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Therapeutics of sugar gliders?
- Drug admin-dosage range for cats, ferrets, hedgehog
- Caution w/ antimicrobials
- I/O catheters; proximal tibia
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Nutritional diseases of sugar gliders?
- Nutritional Fibrous Osteodystrophy
- -sudden onset hind limb paresis/paralysis
- -pathologic fractures
- -inc. Phos., Dec. Ca and Vit D3
- -Tx-cage rest, correct diet, Ca & vit. D3
- Blindness
- -Fat deposits w/in eyes
- -Hypovitaminosis A
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Stress related diseases of sugar gliders?
- self mutilation/alopecia-tail, limbs, scrotum, penis
- Aberrant behavior-polyphagia,polydipsia,copraphagy,pacing,cannibalism of young
- House in groups to avoid boredom and frustration.
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Neoplasia of sugar gliders?
- 50%lymphoid
- Cutaneous lymphosarcoma
- Basal Cell Tumor-mammary gland
- Bronchogenic carcinoma
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Other disease of sugar gliders?
- Ophthalmic trauma
- -d/t eye profusion
- Dental dz
- -tartar and peridontal dz
- -soft diets high in sugars
- Parasites
- -low incidence
- -rounds, hooks, etc..
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