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Free radical addition
- Cl2 broken into free radicals by UV light
 - A mixture of cis and trans isomers is formed
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Benzene and hydrogen
- Nickel catalyst

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Benzene and bromine
- Electrophile:
 
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Formation of nitrobenzene
- Electrophile:
→
- Conc. nitric and sulphuric at 55°

If temperature is too high, second NO 2 group is substituted on 3 position
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Sulfonation
- Gentle heating with sulphuric acid and dissolved sulfur trioxide. Attacked by SO3+ electrophile.
 - Product is benzenesulfonic acid
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Methylbenzene and chlorine
 →
- UV light
- Each H atom on the CH3 is replaced one at a time
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Methylbenzene with conc. HNO3
- Conc. HNO3, 50°, conc. H2SO4
 - A mixture is formed
- If temp rises above 50°C, then 2,4 will be formed.
- If under reflux, 2,4,6 is formed
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Nitration of phenol
- Dilute nitric acid
 - Forms a mixture of aromatic compounds and water
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Phenol and acyl chlorides
 →
Forms an ester
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Amines and water
 ⇌
Forms a weak base, but stronger than ammonia
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Amines in ligand exchange
 →
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Amines and acyl chlorides
 →
Forms N-substituted amides
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Formation of nylon
- Condensation polymer, releases HCl

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Formation of polyethenol
 - Water soluble due to -OH
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Formation of polypropenamide
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Reduction of nitrobenzene
 - Use conc. HCl, reflux
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Making azo dye
 →
Forms orange ppt
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