-
-
Free radical addition
- Cl2 broken into free radicals by UV light
- A mixture of cis and trans isomers is formed
-
-
-
Formation of nitrobenzene
- Conc. nitric and sulphuric at 55°
If temperature is too high, second NO 2 group is substituted on 3 position
-
Friedel-Crafts Alkylation
- Dry conditions
- Further substitution takes place to form 1,2 and 1,4 chains
-
Friedel-Crafts Acylation
- Electrophile:
- →
- Dry conditions
- Product is a ketone, further substitution does not take place, COCH3 deactivates benzene ring.
-
Sulfonation
- Gentle heating with sulphuric acid and dissolved sulfur trioxide. Attacked by SO3+ electrophile.
- Product is benzenesulfonic acid
-
Methylbenzene and chlorine
→
- UV light
- Each H atom on the CH3 is replaced one at a time
-
Methylbenzene with conc. HNO3
- Conc. HNO3, 50°, conc. H2SO4
- A mixture is formed
- If temp rises above 50°C, then 2,4 will be formed.
- If under reflux, 2,4,6 is formed
-
Phenol and bromine
- Bromine water needed, produces antiseptic
- Electrophile is Br in HOBr
- ⇌
-
Nitration of phenol
- Dilute nitric acid
- Forms a mixture of aromatic compounds and water
-
Phenol and acyl chlorides
-
Amines and water
⇌
Forms a weak base, but stronger than ammonia
-
Amines and acid
- To regain amine react with strong alkali
- →
-
Amines in ligand exchange
-
Amines and acyl chlorides
→
Forms N-substituted amides
-
Halogenoalkanes and amines
- Halogenoalkanes react with primary amines to form secondary and tertiary amines and salts
- →
- →
-
Formation of nylon
- Condensation polymer, releases HCl
-
-
-
-
Formation of polypropenamide
-
Reduction of nitrobenzene
-
Making dizonium salt
- Make nitrous acid
- → (under 5°C)
- Add nitrous acid to phenyl amine
- → +2H2O
- If temp is above 5 degrees phenol will form instead
-
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