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Acute Renal Failure / ARF
- Inability of kidney to produce metabolites at normal plasma levels.
- Inability to retain electrolytes under normal intake conditions.
- Uremia
- Oliguria
- Anuria
- Hyperkalemia
- Pulmonary edema
Contrast does not filter through kidneys.
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Anuria
Kidneys don't secrete urine.
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Bacteriuria
Bacteria in the urine
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Calculus
- One or more stones form in the kidney or bladder.
- Many are opaque to radiographs.
- May obstruct calyx, pelvis, ureter, or urethra.
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Chronic Renal Failure
- Inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites
- or
- Inability of kidney to retain electrolytes
May require hemodialysis or transplantation.
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Cystitis
Inflammation of the bladder.
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Diuretic
An agent that causes an increase of excretion of urine.
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Fecaluria
Fecal matter in the urine.
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Glomerulonephrititis / Bright's Disease
- Inflammation involving the glomeruli
- Generally presents about 2 weeks after acute infection in patients 20 yo. or younger.
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Glucosuria
Glucose in the urine
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Hematuria
Blood in the urine
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Hydronephrosis
- Dilation of a renal pelvis and calyces due to obstruction in renal pelvis or ureter.
- Can occur in both ureters of a pregnant female due to pressure of fetus.
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Hypotension
Below normal blood pressure
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Lasix
Brand name for a diuretic
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Lithotripsy
Therapeutic technique that uses acoustic waves to shatter large kidney stones into smaller particles that can be passed.
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Nephritis
- Any inflammation of the kidneys.
- Fairly common.
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Nephroptosis
Excessive inferior displacement of the kidney when erect. Kidney drops more than 2" below it's normal position in an upright patient.
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Nephrosis
Degenerative disease of the renal tubules with gradual destruction.
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Oliguria
Also: Hypouresis, Oligouresis
- Low urine output in relation to fluid intake.
- <400 ml / hr.
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Perinephritic Abscess
An abscess about the kidney.
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Pneumouria
Presence of gas in the urine
Usually the result of a fistula between intestine and bladder.
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Polyuria
- Excessive urination in relation to fluid intake
- Common symptom of diabetes
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Proteinuria
Or "Albuminuria"
Excessive amounts of serum protein in the urine
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Pyelonephritis
Infection in kidney caused by backflow of urine into ureter and kidney.
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Retention
Inability to void
Possibly due to obstruction in urethra or lack of sensation to urinate.
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Syncope
Fainting caused by reduced cerebral blood flow.
Post Micturation Syncope - fainting while or after urinating.
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Uremia
Also called "Azotemia"
- Excess urea ( or creatnine or other nitrogenous waste ) in the blood.
- Often a symptom of renal insufficiency / chronic renal failure.
- Pt. may have uremic odor on breath due to ammonia produced by breakdown of urea.
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Urinary incontinence
Involuntary passage of urine through urethra.
Commonly caused by loss of voluntary control of the vesical and urethral sphincters.
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Urinary Reflux
Also called "Vesicoureteral Reflux"
Backward or return flow of urine from bladder into ureter and kidney.
A common cause of pyelonephritis - where backflow of urine may carry bacteria that can produce infection in the kidney.
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Urinary Tract Infection / UTI
Infection caused by:
- bacteria
- viruses
- fungi
- certain parasites
that frequently occurs in adults and children, often caused by urinary reflux.
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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia / BPH
Enlarged prostate
- Benign
- Affects males over 50
- Can cause urethral compression and obstruction
- Can cause painful, frequent urination
Floor of bladder may appear elevated or indented on IVU.
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Bladder Carcinoma
- Tumor in the bladder
- 3 times more common in men than women
- Affects people over the age of 50
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Cystitis
Inflammation of urinary bladder due to bacterial of fungal infection.
Most often seen in females due to shorter urethra permits passage of external bacteria into the bladder.
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Glomerulonephritis / Bright's Disease
< acute >
Inflammation of the capillary loops of the glomeruli of the kidneys.
IVU demonstrates enlarged kidney with reduced concentrations of contrast in collecting system.
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Glomerulonephritis / Bright's Disease
< chronic >
Inflammation of the capillary loops of the glomeruli of the kidneys.
Sonography demonstrates small kidney with blunt, rounded calyces due to firbrosis and cortex destruction from long-standing inflammation.
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Polycystic Kidney Disease
- Cysts scattered throughout one or both kidneys.
- Most common cause of enlarged kidneys.
- Can be genetic or congenital.
- Infantile, childhood, or adult type < adult type is hereditary - disease is present at birth but symptoms not seen until adulthood >
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Staghorn Calculus
- Large stone that grows and completely fills the renal pelvis and calyces, blocking the flow of urine.
- Appears as deer antler.
- Most commonly associated with chronic UTI.
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Hypernephroma / Renal Cell Carcinoma
- Most frequent type of malignant tumor of the kidney.
- 3 times more common in males
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Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of kidney and renal pelvis due to pus-forming bacteria.
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Renal Hypertension
- Increased blood pressure to the kidney through renal artery due to atherosclerosis.
- Caused by excess renin in blood which causes excessive vasoconstriction.
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Severe Renal Hypertension
Can result in localized necrosis of renal parenchyma.
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Renal Obstruction
Caused by:
- necrotic debris
- calculus
- thrombus
- trauma
Can lead to renal damage
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Vesicorectal ( vesicocolonic ) Fistula
Fistula between urinary bladder and rectum or aspects of colon.
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