Urinary System Pathologies

• Inability of kidney to produce metabolites at normal plasma levels.
• Inability to retain electrolytes under normal intake conditions.

• Uremia
• Oliguria
• Anuria
• Hyperkalemia
• Pulmonary edema

Contrast does not filter through kidneys.

Kidneys don't secrete urine.

Bacteria in the urine

• One or more stones form in the kidney or bladder.
• Many are opaque to radiographs.
• May obstruct calyx, pelvis, ureter, or urethra.

• Inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites
• or
• Inability of kidney to retain electrolytes

May require hemodialysis or transplantation.

Inflammation of the bladder.

An agent that causes an increase of excretion of urine.

Fecal matter in the urine.

• Inflammation involving the glomeruli
• Generally presents about 2 weeks after acute infection in patients 20 yo. or younger.

Glucose in the urine

Blood in the urine

• Dilation of a renal pelvis and calyces due to obstruction in renal pelvis or ureter.
• Can occur in both ureters of a pregnant female due to pressure of fetus.

Below normal blood pressure

Brand name for a diuretic

Therapeutic technique that uses acoustic waves to shatter large kidney stones into smaller particles that can be passed.

• Any inflammation of the kidneys.
• Fairly common.

Excessive inferior displacement of the kidney when erect.  Kidney drops more than 2" below it's normal position in an upright patient.

Degenerative disease of the renal tubules with gradual destruction.

Also: Hypouresis, Oligouresis

• Low urine output in relation to fluid intake.
• <400 ml / hr.

An abscess about the kidney.

Presence of gas in the urine

Usually the result of a fistula between intestine and bladder.

• Excessive urination in relation to fluid intake
• Common symptom of diabetes

Or "Albuminuria"

Excessive amounts of serum protein in the urine

Infection in kidney caused by backflow of urine into ureter and kidney.

Inability to void

Possibly due to obstruction in urethra or lack of sensation to urinate.

Fainting caused by reduced cerebral blood flow.

Post Micturation Syncope - fainting while or after urinating.

Also called "Azotemia"

• Excess urea ( or creatnine or other nitrogenous waste ) in the blood.
• Often a symptom of renal insufficiency / chronic renal failure.
• Pt. may have uremic odor on breath due to ammonia produced by breakdown of urea.

Involuntary passage of urine through urethra.

Commonly caused by loss of voluntary control of the vesical and urethral sphincters.

Also called "Vesicoureteral Reflux"

Backward or return flow of urine from bladder into ureter and kidney.

A common cause of pyelonephritis - where backflow of urine may carry bacteria that can produce infection in the kidney.

Infection caused by:

• bacteria
• viruses
• fungi
• certain parasites

that frequently occurs in adults and children, often caused by urinary reflux.

Enlarged prostate

• Benign
• Affects males over 50
• Can cause urethral compression and obstruction
• Can cause painful, frequent urination

Floor of bladder may appear elevated or indented on IVU.

• Tumor in the bladder
• 3 times more common in men than women
• Affects people over the age of 50

Inflammation of urinary bladder due to bacterial of fungal infection.

Most often seen in females due to shorter urethra permits passage of external bacteria into the bladder.

Inflammation of the capillary loops of the glomeruli of the kidneys.

IVU demonstrates enlarged kidney with reduced concentrations of contrast in collecting system.

Inflammation of the capillary loops of the glomeruli of the kidneys.

Sonography demonstrates small kidney with blunt, rounded calyces due to firbrosis and cortex destruction from long-standing inflammation.

• Cysts scattered throughout one or both kidneys.
• Most common cause of enlarged kidneys.
• Can be genetic or congenital.
• Infantile, childhood, or adult type < adult type is hereditary - disease is present at birth but symptoms not seen until adulthood >

• Large stone that grows and completely fills the renal pelvis and calyces, blocking the flow of urine.
• Appears as deer antler.
• Most commonly associated with chronic UTI.

• Most frequent type of malignant tumor of the kidney.
• 3 times more common in males

Inflammation of kidney and renal pelvis due to pus-forming bacteria.

• Increased blood pressure to the kidney through renal artery due to atherosclerosis.
• Caused by excess renin in blood which causes excessive vasoconstriction.

Can result in localized necrosis of renal parenchyma.

Caused by:

• necrotic debris
• calculus
• thrombus
• trauma

Can lead to renal damage

Fistula between urinary bladder and rectum or aspects of colon.