Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1

the study of structure/form

the study of function

simply looking at the body's appearance - physical exam or making a clinical diagnosis from surface appearance

feeling a structure with the hands

listening to the natural sounds made by the body

the examiner taps on the body, feels for abnormal resistance, and listens to the emitted sound for signs of abnormalities such as pockets of fluid or air

the careful cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships

a dead human body

the study of more than one species in order to examine structural similiarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends

opening the body and taking a look inside to see what was wrong and what could be done about it

methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery

branch of medicine concerned with imaging

structure than can be seen with the naked eye-whether by surface observation, radiology or dissection

take tissue specimens, thinly slice and stain them, and observe them under the microscope

microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease

the study of the structure and function of individual cells

refers to fine detail, down to the molecular level, revealed by the electron microscope

physiology of the nervous system

physiology of hormones

mechanisms of disease

the study of how different species have solved problems of life such as water balance, respiration, and reproduction

"father of medicine," Greek physician, he and his followers established a code of ethics for physicians, the Hippocratic Oath, that is still recited in modern form by many graduating medical students

one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology

remembered for his studies of blood circulation

and William Harvey were the first Western scientists to realize that blood must circulate continuously around the body, from the heart to the other organs and back to the heart again

an Englishman, designed scientific instruments of various kinds and made many improvements in the compound microscope

a Dutch textile merchant, invented a simple microscope, originally for the purpose of examining the weave of fabrics

greatly improved the compound microscope, adding the condensor and developing superior optics

concluded that all organisms were composed of cells

refers to less observational procedures than to certain habits of disciplined creativity, careful observation, logical thinking, and honest analysis of one's observations and conclusions

process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them

an educated speculation or possible answer to the question

• 1. consistent with what is already known
• 2. capable of being tested and possibly falsified by evidence

means that if we claim something is scientifically true we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong. if nothing can possibly prove it wrong, then it is not scientific.

the number of subjects (animals or people) used in a study

effects on the subjects state of mind on his or her physiology

a substance with no significant physiological effect on the body

neither the subject to whom a treatment is given nor the person giving it and recording the results knows whether that subject is recieving the experimental treatment or placebo

a critical evaluation by other experts in the field

information that can be independently verified by any trained person

a generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave

an explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses

change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms

principal theory of how evolution works

natural forces (climate, predators, disease, competition and the availability of food) that promote the reproductive success of some individuals more than others

features of an organisms anatomy, physiology, and behavior that have evolved in response to these selection pressures and enables the organism to cope with the challenges of its environment

standing and walking on two legs

• atom
• molecule
• organelle
• cell
• tissue
• organ
• organ system
• organism

single, complete individual

a group of organs with a unique collective function

a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function

a mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function

the smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life; nothing simpler than a cell is considered alive

microscopic structures of a cell that carry out its individual functions

a particle that is composed of at least two atoms

the smallest particles with unique chemical identities

the theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components

the complementary theory that there are "emergent properties" of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of its seperate parts - human beings are more than the sum of their parts

• organization
• cellular composition
• metabolism
• responsiveness and movement
• homeostasis
• development
• reproduction
• evolution

the sum of all this internal chemical change

relatively complex molecules are synthesized from simpler ones

relatively complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones

the separation of wastes from the tissues and their elimination from the body

changes in their environment

ability to maintain internal stability; the bodys ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it

any change in a form or function over the lifetime of the organism

the transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular task

increase in size

produce copies of themselves

change in DNA structure

observed that the internal conditions of the body remain quite constant even when external conditions vary greatly

balanced change

average value

a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it

the widening of blood vessels

a narrowing of the blood vessels in the skin which serves to retain warm blood deeper in your body and reduce heat loss

a structure that senses a change in the body

a mechanism that processes this information, relates it to other available information, and "makes a decision" about what the appropriate response should be

the cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action

a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction, rather than producing the corrective effects of negative feedback