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Chemistry Equations - Unit 4 (Organic)

  1. SN1 and SN2
    • SN1: rate = k[halogenoalkane]1x[nucleophile]0
    • SN2: rate = k[halogenoalkane]1x[nuclephile]1
  2. Preparation of aldehyde
    CH3CH2OH + [O] → CH3CHO +H2O
  3. Preparation of ketone
    CH3CH(OH)CH3 + [O] → CH3COCH3 + H2O
  4. Nucleophilic addition
    • Aldehydes:
    • Image Upload 1
    • Racemic mixture formed due to trigonal planar.
    • Ketones:
    • Same but two no H on carbon.
  5. Hydrolysing hydroxynitriles
    • Image Upload 2→ Image Upload 3
    • Heat under reflux, with dilute acid
    • Racemic mixture of 2 enantiomers
  6. Reduction of hydroxynitriles
    • Image Upload 4→ Image Upload 5
    • Produces a hydroxyamine
  7. Reduction of aldehyde
    • Image Upload 6
    • Use LiH4Al in dry ether, room temperature
  8. Reduction of ketone
    • Image Upload 7
    • Use LiH4Al in dry ether, room temperature
  9. 2,4 Dinitrophenylhydrazine and carbonyl compound
    Image Upload 8

    Yellow/orange ppt if carbonyl compound
  10. Oxidation of aldehyde
    • Image Upload 9
    • Either use Feelings and warm - red Cu2O ppt
    • Or use Tollen's and warm - silver mirror
  11. Iodoform reaction
    Image Upload 10→ Image Upload 11

    • Yellow ppt if positive
    • Tests positive for methyl ketone (CH3CO) and methyl alcohol (CH3CH(OH))
  12. Preparation of carboxylic acid (oxidation of alcohol)
    Image Upload 12→ Image Upload 13

    potassium dichromate, sulphuric acid, reflux
  13. Hydrolysis of nitriles
    Image Upload 14→Image Upload 15

    dilute acid, reflux
  14. Carboxylic acids with water and NaOH
    • Image Upload 16→Image Upload 17
    • Image Upload 18⇌Image Upload 19
  15. Reduction of carboxylic acid
    Image Upload 20→Image Upload 21

    LiH4Al, dry ether
  16. Carboxylic acid and carbonates/hydrogen carbonates
    • Image Upload 22→Image Upload 23
    • Image Upload 24→Image Upload 25
  17. Carboxylic acids and PCl5
    Image Upload 26→Image Upload 27

    Room temperature
  18. Esterification
    Image Upload 28⇌Image Upload 29

    with conc. sulphuric acid in water bath, then pour into dilute NaHCO3 

    or under reflux with conc sulphuric acid

    Image Upload 30→Image Upload 31


    higher yield because not reversible
  19. Carboxylic acids and Cl2
    Image Upload 32→Image Upload 33

    UV light, free-radical substitution
  20. Acid Hydrolysis
    Image Upload 34⇌Image Upload 35


    • Conditions: dilute acid (H+(aq) catalyst), reflux
    • Low yield due to reversible reaction
  21. Alkaline Hydrolysis
    Image Upload 36→Image Upload 37

    Image Upload 38→Image Upload 39


    This reaction is used to make soaps
  22. Transesterification
    • Ester + another acid
    • Image Upload 40⇌Image Upload 41

    Used to make low fat margarine

    • Ester + another alcohol
    • Image Upload 42⇌Image Upload 43

    Used to make biodiesel
  23. Polyesters
    • Condensation polymerisation - small molecule is lost
    • Image Upload 44
    • Used to make fine threads in synthetic fibres
  24. Preparation of acyl chlorides
    Image Upload 45→Image Upload 46

    Image Upload 47→Image Upload 48


    +Reaction of carboxylic acid with PCl5
  25. Acyl chlorides and water
    • Image Upload 49→Image Upload 50
    • Image Upload 51
    • Image Upload 52
    • Image Upload 53
  26. Acyl chloride and alcohols
    Image Upload 54→Image Upload 55


    • Room temperature, 100% yield, easy to separate products
    • Expensive to make acyl chlorides, toxic HCl given off
  27. Acyl chloride and ammonia
    Image Upload 56→Image Upload 57


    makes an amide

    • with excess ammonia, white smoke of NH4Cl forms
    • Image Upload 58
  28. Acyl chloride + amines
    Image Upload 59→Image Upload 60

    makes N-substituted amide
  29. Reduction of acyl chlorides
    Image Upload 61→Image Upload 62


    add LiAlH4 and dry ether
Author
valentinafunaro
ID
317105
Card Set
Chemistry Equations - Unit 4 (Organic)
Description
chemistry
Updated

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