Chemistry Equations - Unit 4 (Organic)

• S_N1: rate = k[halogenoalkane]¹x[nucleophile]⁰
• S_N2: rate = k[halogenoalkane]¹x[nuclephile]¹

CH₃CH₂OH + [O] → CH₃CHO +H₂O

CH₃CH(OH)CH₃ + [O] → CH₃COCH₃ + H₂O

• Aldehydes:
• Racemic mixture formed due to trigonal planar.
• Ketones:
• Same but two no H on carbon.

• → 
• Heat under reflux, with dilute acid
• Racemic mixture of 2 enantiomers

• → 
• Produces a hydroxyamine

• Use LiH₄Al in dry ether, room temperature

• Use LiH₄Al in dry ether, room temperature

Yellow/orange ppt if carbonyl compound

• Either use Feelings and warm - red Cu₂O ppt
• Or use Tollen's and warm - silver mirror

→ 

• Yellow ppt if positive
• Tests positive for methyl ketone (CH₃CO) and methyl alcohol (CH₃CH(OH))

→ 

potassium dichromate, sulphuric acid, reflux

→

dilute acid, reflux

• →
• ⇌

→

LiH₄Al, dry ether

• →
• →

→

Room temperature

⇌

with conc. sulphuric acid in water bath, then pour into dilute NaHCO₃ 

or under reflux with conc sulphuric acid

→


higher yield because not reversible

→

UV light, free-radical substitution

⇌

• Conditions: dilute acid (H⁺(aq) catalyst), reflux
• Low yield due to reversible reaction

→

→


This reaction is used to make soaps

• Ester + another acid
• ⇌

Used to make low fat margarine

• Ester + another alcohol
• ⇌

Used to make biodiesel

• Condensation polymerisation - small molecule is lost
• Used to make fine threads in synthetic fibres

→

→


+Reaction of carboxylic acid with PCl₅

• →

→

• Room temperature, 100% yield, easy to separate products
• Expensive to make acyl chlorides, toxic HCl given off

→


makes an amide

• with excess ammonia, white smoke of NH₄Cl forms

→

makes N-substituted amide

→


add LiAlH₄ and dry ether