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Five methods of cell fractionation
- sonication
- mild detergents
- enzymes
- mechanical disruption
- ultracentrifuge
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forward vs. reverse genetics
- forward: random mutations
- reverse: specific mutations
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In eukaryotic membranes, what are the lipid molecules?
cholesterol
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In bacterial membranes, what are the lipid molecules?
hopanoids
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In archaea membranes, what are the lipid molecules?
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bacterial cell wall is also known as
sacculus
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Peptidoglycan is made up of what two modified sugars?
NAG and NAM
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Which kind of bacteria have thick cell walls?
gram positive
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where are lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides on gram negative bacteria?
inward facing leaflet of OM and outward facing leaflet of OM, respectively
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Algae cell wall are made of
cellulose
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Fungi cell wall are made of
chitin
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Diatom exoskeleton is made of
silicate
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what shapes do these proteins determine? FtsZ, MreB, and CreS
- FtsZ: sphere
- MreB: rod shaped
- CreS: crescent shaped
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prokaryotic cells divide by
binary fission
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parallel septum forms
streptococci, chain
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random plane septums form
staphylococci, cluster
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thylakoids
folded photosynthetic membranes
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carboxysomes
polyhedral bodies packed with rubisco enzyme for CO2 fixation
-
gas vesicles
increase buoyancy
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pili vs stalks
- pili: filaments used in attachment
- stalks: membrane-embedded extension of cytoplasm
-
peritrichous, lophotrichous, monotrichous flagella placement
random, at the end(s), one
-
chemotaxis
movement of bacteria based on chemical gradients
-
attractants cause
CCW, runs
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repellents cause
CW, tumbles
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