Kinesiology 151 (Exam1)

• shaft/central part of a long bone
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• end part of long bone
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• (growth plate) hyaline cartilage in the end of a long bone; in children
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protuberance from a bone; attachment of muscles

The fully matured Epiphyseal plate which no more growth is possible

The dense outer surface of the bone

spongy; found in ends of long bones

central cavity of bone shafts where red/yellow bone marrow is stored

dense layer of vascular connective tissue; outer surface of bone

Thin vascular membrane of connective tissue: forms medulla cavity

• Endurance/ large ROM: long, flat, parallel
• Sartorius, rectus abdominis, gracilis

• Strong single point power; varies b/w force and ROM
• Deltoid (mid portion), pectoralis major, SITS, lats., lower trap.

• Large power; varies b/w force and ROM
• Biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

Pennate:pattern of short fibers at an angle to or perpendicular to longitudinal axis of muscle

• Unipennate: short, one sided feather - extensor digitroum
• Bipennate: short, two feather - rectus femoris
• Multipennate: short, multi-sided feather - deltoid
• Quadrates: short, angled fibers; more parallel fibers and more force- gluteus maximus

NOT movable

• Slightly movable
• Acromio-clavicular, sterno-clavicular, ilii-Sacral, pubic symphysis, rib-vertebral 

freely movable

• Gliding: two (somewhat) flat surfaces glide over one another- Carpals, Tarsals
• Hinge: open and close a joint (flexion and extension), one plane, uniaxial- Ankle (tibia, fibula, talus). knee (femur, tibia), elbow (ulna, humerus)
• Pivot: pivot point of one bone w/in a “ring like” structure of another bone- true rotational movement; One plane, uniaxial - Atlas (C1), axis (C2). radial head and capitulum

• Ellipsoid: bone or set of bones in an ellipsoid cavity and may rock in many directions - Metacarpocarpal/metatarsotarsus, radioulnar-carpal,metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal
• Saddle: bone or set of bones fit together like a rider in a saddle thumb-  (trapezium- #1 metacarpal), subtalar joint (talus and calcaneus) 

Ball and socket-  shoulder, hip

• Long parallel fibers
• Elastic

• 60-70% of bone composition
• Calcium phosphate and carbonate form crystals; crystals combine to make distinct new crystals to form bone
• Compression strength; resist crushing

• Sagittal: right and left side; bilateral axis
• Frontal: anterior and posterior; anterio-posterior axis
• Transverse: superior and inferior; vertical axis

• (movement): concentric contraction creating a specific movement
• Main movers, assister

• (resistance): eccentric contraction elongating at specific rate
• Oppose agonist, coordinate the main movement

(coordination and control): contraction of a muscle to another particular action of: another muscle, another part of muscle, co-contract concentrically to create new movement (mutual neutralizer)

(stability): isometric contraction to steady/support a bone/joint against the pull of other muscles

(no force)

• O: lat. surface of 1-8 rib
• I: anterior medial border of scapula
• A: out/upward rotation w/ trap., protraction of scapula
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• Mutual stabilizer- Functions as 4
• O:
• (I) base of skull, nucleal line, occipital protuberance
• I: (I) posterior clavicle
• A: (I) Elevation

• O:
• (II-IV) spinous processes C7-T12
• I:
• (II) acromion process,
• (III) spine of scapula,
• (IV) spine and medial border of scapula at base of spine
• A:
• (II) Elevation, out/upward rotation, adduction,
• (III) adduction,
• (IV) out/upward rotation, depression, adduction
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• true adductors
• Minor: superior, smaller
• O: C7-T1 at lamina
• I: Medial border at spine

• Major: inferior, larger
• O: T2-5 at lamina
• I: Middle medial border to inferior angle
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• True elevator
• O:C1-4 transverse processes
• I: Superior angle upper medial border of scapula
• 

• stabilizer
• O: rib 3-5
• I: Coracoid process of scapula
• A: Slight depression, stabilizer of scapula, up/outward rotation, abduction
• 

• Strong stabilizer
• O: Superior surface of rib 1
• I: Inferior ridge of clavicle
• A: Stabilization
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• strongest in sagittal plane
• O: Anterior surface of sternum and anterior border of clavicle
• I: Lateral lip of bicipital groove
• A: Flexion, horizontal flexion (adduction), inward rotation, adduction, ext. when shoulder is in flexed position
• 

• stabilizes shoulder
• O: Coracoid process
• I: Middle medial border of humerus
• A: Horizontal flexion of humerus, slight flexion of humerus
• 

• Power, mutual neutralizer
• O: (ant. middle, post.)
•    Ant: Lateral anterior clavicle
•    Middle: Lateral acromion process of scapula
•    Post: Inferior spine of scapula
• I: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
• A: abduction
•    Anterior-flexion: Horizontal flexion (adduction), inward rotation
•    Posterior-ext.: Horizontal ext. (abduction), slight outward rotation
• 

• O: T7-L5, Spinous processess, posterior sacrum, iliac crest, ribs 10-12
• I: Bicepital groove
• A: Ext., adduction, inward rotation of humerus
• 

• O: Inferior, medial border and inferior angle of scapula
• I: Medial inferior lip of bicipital groove of humerus
• A: Inward rotation, adduction, ext., stabilizer of humerus
• 

• O: Supraspinous fossa of scapula
• I: Superior greater tubercle of humerus
• A: Stabilizer, outward rotation, abduction upon isolation w/ deltoid of humerus
• 

• O: Infraspinous fossa of scapula
• I: Middle greater tubercle of humerus
• A: Stabilization, outward rotation, ext. and horizontal ext. (when isolated) of humerus
• 

• O: Lateral border of scapula
• I: Lower greater tubercle
• A: Stabilization, outward, ext. and horizontal ext. when isolated
• 

• O: Subscapular fossa of scapula
• I: Lesser tubercle of humerus
• A: Stabilization, adduction, inward rotation, ext. of humerus when isolated

• The segment of a myofibril between two adjacent Z bands, representing the functional unit of striated muscle. (The repeating subunits of a myofibril).
• 

• A motor unit consists of a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers its branches innervate. Motor units function as a single unit. When a particular muscle contracts, the contraction actually occurs at the muscle fiber level within a particular motor unit. In a typical contraction, the number of motor units responding and consequently the number of muscle fibers contracting within the muscle may vary significantly, from relatively few to virtually all of the muscle fibers, depending on the number of muscle fibers within each activated motor unit and the number of motor units activated. Regardless of the number involved, the individual muscle fibers within a given motor unit will fire and contract either maximally or not at all (all or none principle).
• 

• Sensitivity: Subconscious muscle sense, muscle tension changes.
• Location: In tendons, near muscle-tendon junction in series with muscle fibers.
• Response: Inhibit development of tension in stretched muscles. Initiate development of tension in antagonistic muscles.
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• Sensitivity: Subconscious muscle sense, muscle length changes.                        
• Location: In skeletal muscles among muscle fibers in parallel with fibers.
• Response: Initiate rapid contraction of stretched muscle. Inhibit development of tension in antagonistic muscles.

• Sensitivity: Rapid changes in joint angles, pressure, vibration.
• Location: Subcutaneous, submucosa, and subserous tissues around joints and external genitals, mammary glands.
• Response: Provide feedback regarding location of body part in space following quick movements.

• Sensitivity: Strong, sudden joint movements, touch, pressure.
• Location: Skin and subcutaneous tissue of fingers, collagenous fibers of the joint capsule.
• Response: Provide feedback regarding touch, two-point discrimination.

• BALANCE & EQUILIBRIUM.
• Complex sense concerned with the perception of bodily position and motion, mediated by end organs in the vestibular system and the semicircular canals, and stimulated by alterations in the pull of gravity and by head movements.
• The labyrinth of the inner ear consists of the cochlea, the three semicircular canals, and the utricle and saccule. The cochlea is concerned with hearing but the rest of the labyrinth is is concerned with the sense of balance, or equilibrium. (More on HWL page 89).

• The arm travels through a wide range of movements, and in each of these the scapula cooperates by placing the glenoid fossa in the most favorable position for the head of the humerus.
• Ex.When the arm is elevated sideward (abducted), for instance, the scapula rotates upward; when it is elevated forward (flexed), the scapula not only rotates upward but it tends to slide partially around the rib cage (abducted). (HWL pg. 93).

• The ability to relax and stretch; and to return to resting length.
• Muscles will only PULL not push.
• Both ends towards muscle center.
• Tension toward center for shortening or lengthening.
• Contracts to create tension NOT FLEX.
• Tends to act across all joints that it crosses.

Sarcomere shortens. (ex. biceps curl)

Sarcomere lengthens. (ex. Hamstrings lengthen to lower thigh in flexion)

• Sarcomere finds a length and remains at that that length with tension.
• 

constant rate of tension whether concentric or eccentric throughout range of motion.

Maximal muscle tension throughout range of motion (weakest and strongest angle of pull accommodated).

• Occurs when the soft tissue structure superior to the head of the humerus is pressed against the acromion process.
• This painful condition may be the result of overuse, a trapped or inflamed bursa, a sports-related injury, or degeneration due to age.
• In the young these injuries are often ascribed to abduction pressure, whereas in the elderly bone spurs and joint degeneration are contributing factors. (HWL pg. 119).

Active- the inability to contract once a muscle is fully contracted

• Passive- the inability to contract if the muscle is stretched out too far.
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