Module 6: Water Major Minerals & Trace Minerals

• Maintain blood volume & transport of nutrients & oxygen throughout the body.
• The basis for the fluids synthesized throughout the body, such as saliva, bile and amniotic fluid, the fluid that surrounds a fetus growing in a woman’s uterus.
• Lubricant for the knees & other joints. 
• A solvent in metabolic processes.  
• Actively participates as a reactant in numerous chemical reactions.
• Temperature regulation
• Waste Product removal

• Major positive ion of the extracellular fluid
• Aids nerve impulse transmission & muscle contraction
• water balance
• aids glucose & amino acid absorption.

Source: table salt, processed foods, condiments, sauces, soups, chips

• Major positive ion of intracellular fluid
• Aids nerve impulse transmission
• Muscle contraction
• Water balance

Source: potato, squash, bananas, orange juice, milk producs, meat, legumes, whole grains

Mineral vital to health; required in the diet in amounts greater than 100mg/day; also called a macromineral

• Water
• Magnesium
• Sodium
• Sulfur
• Chloride
• Calcium
• Potassium
• Phosphorus

• Major negative ion of extracellular fluid
• Participates in acid production in stomach
• Aids nerve impulse transmission
• Water balance.

Source: table salt, some vegetables, processed foods

• Bone & tooth structure
• Blood clotting
• Aids in nerve impulse transmission
• Muscle contractions
• Enzyme regulation

Source: milk products, canned fish, leafy vegetables, tofu, fortified orange juice

• Major ion of intracellular fluid
• Bone & tooth strength
• Part of ATP & other metabolic compounds
• Acid-base balance

Source: milk products, processed foods, fish, soft drinks, bakery products, meats

• Bone formation
• Aids enzyme function
• Aids nerve & heart function

source:wheat, bran, green veggies, nuts, chocolate, legumes

• Part of vitamins & amino acids
• Aids in drug detoxification
• Acid-base balance

Source - protein foods

• The DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) - designed to test the effect of a diet low in saturated fat, total fat, and cholesterol & high in fruits, veggies, and low-fat dairy products on blood pressure.
• The DASH diet, with exercise & weight loss provide reduction in blood pressure, dietary choices in controlling high blood pressure.
• The fruits, veggies and whole grains in the diet contribute many other compounds to the diet. These foods are abundant in phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, antioxidants and carotenoids, that can help prevent kidney stones, cancer and heart disease.

• Adequate calcium may help reduce the risk of hypertension, kidney stones, and colon cancer.
• Osteoporosis is a disease that develops over many years and is most common in women. It represents an increase of bone resorption over bone building.  Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis involve consuming adequate bone building nutrients, engaging in weight-bearing physical activity, minimizing the risk of falls and not smoking.

Mineral vital to health that is required in the diet in amounts less than 100mg/day; also called micromineral.

• Chromium
• Fluoride
• Zinc
• Iron
• Copper
• Manganese
• Molybdenum
• Selenium

• Functional component of hemoglobin and other key compounds used in respiration
• Immune function
• Cognitive development
• Energy metabolism

Source:  meats; seafood; enriched breads; fortified cereals; eggs

• Required for many enzymes;
• Immune function;
• Growth and development;
• Stabilizes cell membranes and body protein.

Source: seafood; meats; whole grains

• Aids in iron metabolism;
• Works in antioxidant enzymes & those involved in connective tissue metabolism.

Source:liver; cocoa; nuts; whole grains; shellfish; legumes

• Cofactor of several enzymes;
• Involved in carbohydrate metabolism & antioxidant protection. 

Source: nuts; tea; legumes; whole-grain cereals.

Component of thyroid hormones that regulate basal metabolism, growth, & development.

Source: iodized salt

• Part of an antioxidant system as glutathione peroxidase
• activates thyroid hormones.

Source: meats; eggs; fish; seafood; whole grains; nuts

Enhances insulin action.

source: eggs; liver; whole grains; nuts; mushrooms; processed m

• Increases resistance of tooth enamel to dental caries;
• mineralization of bones and teeth.

Source: fluoridated water, toothpaste, dental treatments, tea, seaweed

Cofactor for several enzymes

Source: grains, nuts & legumes

• Cancer often results from a lack of suppressor genes or the over-activity of protooncogenes. The cancer gene (oncogene) is like an out of control protooncogene – it makes hundreds of copies of itself without any constraints.
• Most cells exist in a balanced cycle between turning cell replication on & turning it off. This cell cycle is controlled by the genes in DNA that promote cell replication (called protooncogenes) & prevent replication (called tumor suppressor genes).

• Although our genetic makeup contribute to a risk of certain cancers, such as colorectal, breast & prostate cancer, genetic factors account for only about 1-15% of the incidences of all cancers.
• Many expert believe that environmental factors, such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, and air& water pollutants; smoking; lack of physical activity; obesity; and diet play a greater role in cancer initiation & development.  
• Various dietary factors have been associated with cancer. Further research is needed to confirm whether these factors increase or decrease cancer risk.

Persistently elevated blood pressure, obesity, inactivity, alcohol intake & excess salt intake all can contribute to the problem.

degree to which the amount of an ingested nutrient is absorbed & is available to the body.

iron provided from animal tissues primarily as a component of hemoglobin & myoglobin. Approximately 40% of the iron in meat is heme iron; it is readily absorbed. 

Sources: Beef, pork, poultry

iron provided from plant sources & elemental iron components of animal tissues. It is less efficiently absorbed than heme iron & absorption is more closely dependent on body needs. 

Sources: sesame seeds, navy beans, spinach

disorder of iron metabolism characterized by increase absorption of iron, saturation of iron-binding proteins & deposition of hemosiderin in the liver tissue.

Iron-binding protein in the intestinal mucosa that binds iron and prevents it from entering the bloodstream; also the primary storage form of iron in liver & other tissues.

• Maintain of blood volume & transport of nutrients & oxygen throughout the body. 
• Basis for the fluids synthesized throughout the body, such as saliva, bile and amniotic fluid, the fluid that surrounds a fetus growing in a woman’s uterus.
• Lubricant for the knees & other joints. 
• Solvent in many metabolic processes & actively participates as a reactant in numerous chemical reactions.
• Temperature regulation. 
• Waste product removal.

• Persistently elevated blood pressure, obesity, inactivity, alcohol intake & excess salt intake all can contribute to high blood pressure.
• Age, race, obesity & diabetes all affect the risk of high blood pressure.

• The DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) was designed to test the effect of a diet low in saturated fat, total fat, and cholesterol & high in fruits, veggies, and low-fat dairy products on blood pressure.
• The DASH diet combined with exercise & weight loss may provide the greatest reduction in blood pressure, dietary choices can be as important as medications in controlling high blood pressure. 
• The fruits, veggies and whole grains in the diet contribute many other compounds to the diet.  These foods are abundant in phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, antioxidants and carotenoids, that can help prevent kidney stones, cancer and heart disease.

By including the following non dairy foods in your diet, will give you the needed calcium.

• Calcium fortified foods: such as fruit juices and breakfast cereals.
• Canned fish, such as salmon and sardines, is an easy and inexpensive way to consume fish with bones, and an excellent source of calcium. The bones become soft during the canning process so they can be easily chewed and consumed with the fish.
• Dark leafy greens: collard greens, turnip greens, bok choy, kale & broccoli all ranked really well for being absorbable sources of calcium while spinach & seaweed ranked low on the list.

• Children 1-3 yrs – 700 mg/day
• 4-8 yrs – 1000mg/day
• Adults 19 to 50 yrs – 1000mg/day

99% of the calcium in our body can be found in our bones. At 12 years old, your bones are still growing, you need calcium to create more bone and keep strong the bone you do have.  Calcium in important for clotting your blood – so you don’t bleed to death, when you get a cut and in muscle contraction – so you can lift things.  Good food sources of calcium are milk,  cheese, fortified cereals.

• Adequate intake of calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium is needed throughout life to build and maintain healthy bones.
• Protein is also important for healthy bones, but high-protein diets increase calcium excretion and may negatively affect bone health.

• Functional component of hemoglobin and other key compounds used in respiration;
• immune function cognitive development energy metabolism

Liver; clams; spinach, navy beans, enriched breads; fortified cereals; eggs

• Fluoride – increases resistance of tooth enamel to dental caries; mineralization of bones and teeth.
• Copper – aids in iron metabolism; works in antioxidant enzmes & those involved in connective tissue metabolism.
• Chromium – enhances insulin action.
• Manganese – cofactor of several enzymes; involved in carbohydrate metabolism & antioxidant protection.

Selenium, as part of the antioxidant defense network, helps prevent lipid peroxidation and cell membrane damage. Its ability to destroy highly reactive peroxyl free radicals spared vitamin E for use in other antioxidant functions.

Stage 1 – Initiation Phase:  Exposure of a cell to a carcinogen (cancer-causing agent) that triggers the initiation of cancer.

• Can develop spontaneously or be induced by carcinogens, such as tobacco, radiation, alcohol, occupation toxins, viruses, food contaminants, dietary facts & drugs. 
• The initiation stage of carcinogenesis, during which DNA is altered, is relatively short, ranging from minutes to days. 

Stage 2 – Promotion State: may last for months or even years.

• During this period, the mutation is locked into the genetic material of the cell. 
• Compounds that increase cell division, called promoters, encourage uncontrolled replication of the altered DNA. 
• Promoters may reduce the time available for repair mechanisms to enhance the replication of altered DNA cells. 
• Excess alcohol, estrogen, and helicobacter pylori bacteria in the stomach all may act as promoters. 

Stage 3 – Pregression Phase:  begins with the appearance of cells that grow autonomously (out of control).

• These malignant cells proliferate, invade surrounding tissue, and metastasize to other sites.  Early in this stage, the immune system may find the altered cells and destroy them. 
• Alternately, the cancer cells may become so defective that their DNA prevents there growth.  If nothing stops cancer cell growth, 1 or more tumors eventually develop.

potassium, magnesium & phosphate.

anti-diuretic hormone & aldosterone

phytic acid & oxalic acid

processed foods & restaurant foods

D.  all of the above

D.  both b & c

B.  low & high

Prehypertension.

D.  all of the above

almonds, beans, mustard greens, broccoli and tofu.

adolescent makes & females

C. obesity

a.  true

C.  phytic acid

B.  iron

C.  adolescent girls

a.  true

C.  oysters

C.  poor growth

A.  lysyl oxidase

a.  true

aids in thyroid hormone metabolism

iodine deficiency

a.  true

C.  iodine