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identify the water-soluble vitamins and list several sources for each
B-vitamins
- Thiamin – pork & pork products, enriched & whole-grain cereals, eggs, nuts, legumes
- Riboflavin – milk & milk products, mushrooms, eggs, liver, enriched grains
- Niacin – meat, poultry, fish, enriched & whole-grain breads & cereals, tryptophan conversion to niacin
- Pantothenic Acid – Widely distributed in foods
- Biotin – nuts, seeds, fish, whole grains, many other foods
- Folic Acid – green vegetables, liver, enriched cereal products, legumes, oranges
- B-6 (pyridoxine) – animal protein foods, potatoes, bananas, legumes, avocados
- B-12 (cobalamin)- animal foods, fortified ready to eat breakfast cereals
Vitamin C – citrus fruits, papayas, strawberries, broccoli, potatoes, greens
Choline – eggs, meat, fish, milk, wheat germ plus self-synthesis
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identify the fat-soluble vitamins and list several sources for each
- Vit A – liver, fish, fish oils, fortified milk, eggs, dark green & yellow0orange veggies & fruits (carrots, spinach, winter squash, sweet potato, mangos, cantaloupe, peaches & apricots)
- D – Fortified milk, fish oils, oily fish
- E – plant oils, seeds, nuts, products made from oils
- K – green vegetables, synthesis by intestinal microorganisms
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Define the term vitamin & list three food sources for each
- Essential, organic substances needed in small amounts in the diet.
- They are not a source of energy. They aid in energy metabolism as well as in the growth, development and maintenance of body tissues.
- Sources: Foods of both plant & animal origin supply vitamins in the diet. Vitamins consumed in foods as part of a varied diet may be more beneficial than vitamins taken separately as dietary supplements. Dietary supplements also can provide needed vitamins.
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identify vitamin-deficiency diseases Rickets
- Vit. D deficiency occurs in the growing bones of children.
- Causes bones to weaken and bow under pressure.
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identify vitamin-deficiency diseases Beriberi
- Thiamine deficiency
- causes weight loss
- weakness
- peripheral neuropathy
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identify common vitamin-deficiency diseases Ariboflavinosis
- Riboflavin
- inflammation of mouth and tongue
- cracks at corner of mouth
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identify vitamin-deficiency diseases Pellagra
- Niacin deficiency
- causes diarrhea
- dermatitis
- dementia
- and death
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identify vitamin-deficiency diseases Scurvy
- Vit. C deficiency
- poor wound healing
- pinpoint hemorrhages
- bleeding gums
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describe the toxicity symptoms caused by excess consumption of certain fat-soluble
- vitamins A – headache, vomiting, double vision, dry mucous membranes, bone & joint pain, liver damage, hemorrhage, coma, spontaneous abortions, birth defects
- D – Calcificaion of soft tissues, impaired growth, excess calcium in the blood, excretion in the urine.
- E – Inhibits vit. K metabolism
- K – Rare, can cause hemolytic anemia
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Free radical
short-lived form of a compound that has an unpaired electron, causing it to seek an electron from another compound. Free radicals are strong oxidizing agents and can be very destructive to electron-dense cell components, such as DNA & cell membranes.
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Redox agents
Chemicals that can readily undergo both oxidation (loss of an electron) and reduction (gain of an electron). Fancy name for antioxidant list 2 examples E C
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Retinoids
- a collective term for the biologically active forms of vitamin A.
- Vit. A refers to the performed retinoids & provitamin-A carotenoids that can be converted to Vit. A activity. “performed Vit. A” refers to the fact they don’t need to be converted in the body to become biologically active. (unlike carotenoids)
- Retinoid exist in 3 forms: retinol (an alcohol), retinal (an aldehyde) & retinoic acid.
- Carotenoids – a yellow-orange pigment material in fruit & vegetables, some of which are pro-vitamins – they can be converted into Vit. A
- Of the 6000 or more carotenoids, only alpha-carotene, beta-carotene & beta cryptoxanthin can be converted to biologically active forms of Vit. A.
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Natural vs. synthetic vitamin E
The natural form of vitamin E is more potent than the synthetic form
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Rickets
Vit. D deficiency occurs in the growing bones of children. Causes bones to weaken and bow under pressure.
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Beriberi
- Thiamin deficiency
- Causes weight loss
- Weakness
- Peripheral neuropathy
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Ariboflavinosis
- Riboflavin
- Inflammation of mouth and tongue
- Cracks at corner of mouth
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Pellagra
- Niacin deficiency
- Causes diarrhea
- Dermatitis
- Dementia (death)
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Scurvy
- Vit. C deficiency
- poor would healing
- pinpoint hemorrhages
- bleeding gums
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Enrichment (of vitamins/minerals)
term generally meaning that they vitamins thiamin, niacin, riboflavin and folate and the mineral iron have been added to a grain product to improve its nutritional quality.
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Fortification
term generally meaning that vitamins, minerals, or both have been added to a food product in excess of what was originally found in the product.
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Water-soluble vitamins
vitamins that dissolve in water, includes the B-vitamins and Vitamin C
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food sources of Water Soluble Vitamins
B-vitamins
- Thiamin – pork & pork products, enriched & whole-grain cereals, eggs, nuts, legumes
- Riboflavin – milk & milk products, mushrooms, eggs, liver, enriched grains
- Niacin – meat, poultry, fish, enriched & whole-grain breads & cereals, tryptophan conversion to niacin
- Pantothenic Acid – Widely distributed in foods
- Biotin – nuts, seeds, fish, whole grains, many other foods
- Folic Acid – green vegetables, liver, enriched cereal products, legumes, oranges
- B-6 (pyridoxine) – animal protein foods, potatoes, bananas, legumes, avocados
- B-12 (cobalamin)- animal foods, fortified ready to eat breakfast cereals
- C – citrus fruits, papayas, strawberries, broccoli, potatoes, greens
- Choline – eggs, meat, fish, milk, wheat germ plus self-synthesis
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Fat-soluble vitamins
vitamins that dissolve in fat and such substances as ether & benzene, but not readily in water; vitamins A, D, E & K
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Food sources for Fat-Soluble Vitamins
- A – liver, fish, fish oils, fortified milk, eggs, dark green & yellow0orange veggies & fruits (carrots, spinach, winter squash, sweet potato, mangos, cantaloupe, peaches & apricots)
- D – Fortified milk, fish oils, oily fish
- E – plant oils, seeds, nuts, products made from oils
- K – green vegetables, synthesis by intestinal microorganisms
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Carnitine
compound used to shuttle fatty acids from the cytosol of the cell into mitochondria
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Where does vitamin absorption occur?
Fat-Soluble Vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine with the help of bile and pancreatic lipase. They are carried by chylomicrons into the lymphatic circulation.
Water-Soluble Vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine and released directly into the blood.
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What are Retinoids?
- Term for the biologically active forms of vitamin A.
- Vitamin A refers to the performed retinoids & provitamin-A carotenoids that can be converted to vitamin A activity.
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What is the relationship of beta-carotene to vitamin A?
Beta-carotene can be converted to biologically active forms of Vit. A.
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Where is vitamin A stored?
- Stores are found in the liver, with small amounts in adipose tissue, kidneys, bone marrow, testicles and eyes.
- The liver stores enough vitamin A to last for several mounts to protect against vitamin A deficiency.
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What is the function of vitamin A?
- Vision in dim light and color vision
- cell differentiation
- bone growth
- immunity
- and reproduction.
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List the symptoms of deficiency of Vit. A
- Poor growth
- night blindness
- total blindness
- dry skin
- xerophthamia
- hyperkeratosis
- impaired immune function.
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What occurs when large amounts of carotenoids are consumed, and is this harmful?
High carotenoids concentration in the body can turn the skin a yellow-orange color, a condition termed hypercarotenemia or carotenemia. This is not harmful to overall health.
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Who is at risk for vitamin D deficiency?
Dark-skinned individuals, older adults with low intakes or low UV exposure, and patients with fat malabsorption syndromes.
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How does vitamin D differ from the other fat-soluble vitamins?
Dietary source is not required if synthesis (skin cells can synthesize a sufficient supply from a derivative of cholesterol)is adequate to meet needs, the vitamin is more correctly classified as a “conditional”vitamin, or prohormone.
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How can a lack of vitamin D in childhood result in rickets?
Rickets – Vit. D deficiency occurs in the growing bones of children. Causes bones to weaken and bow under pressure.
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Name four good food sources of vitamin E
- Plant oils, seeds, nuts products made from oils.
- Specific foods are avocado, almonds, peanuts and sunflower seeds.
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Why is vitamin E known as the anti-aging vitamin?
It works as an antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals, preventing widespread destruction of both cell membranes and DNA.
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What is considered a safe supplemental amount of vitamin E to take daily, and what can happen if amounts in excess of this are consumed?
The Daily Value for vitamin E used on food and supplement labels is 30IU. In excess – inhibits vitamin K metabolism.
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Name three food sources of vitamin K.
Kale, turnip greens, parsley.
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How does vitamin K help in the formation of blood clots?
Vitamin K is needed for the synthesis of blood-clotting factors by the liver and the conversion of preprothrombin to the active blood-clotting factor called prothrombin
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What population groups are at increased risk of a vitamin K deficiency?
Those taking antibiotics for a long period of time, adults with low green vegetable intake, and patients with fat malabsorption syndromes.
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What are three general functions of riboflavin?
Energy metabolism, critical in the formation of other B-vitamins & antioxidants.
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Name two food sources of riboflavin.
Milk products & mushrooms.
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What type of anemia signifies a folate deficiency?
Megaloblatic Anemia – amemia characterized by abnormally large, nucleated, immature red blood cells, which result from the inability of a precursor cell to divide normally.
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What roles do HCl, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and the ileum play in vitamin B-12 absorption?
- In the stomach, HCL & pepsinogen release vitamin-12 bound to protein in food.
- In the small intestine, Vitamin B-12 links with intrinsic factor.
- In the Ileum, vitamin B-12/intrinsic factor complex is absorbed into blood and binds to transport protein transcolbalamin II.
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How are vitamin B-12 and folate metabolism related?
Because of its interaction with folate, a deficiency of vitamin B-12 results in the same type of megalobastic anemia, as well as excess hormocysteine in the blood.
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What foods are good sources of vitamin B-12?
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Carotenoids are a precursor form of _______.
A. vitamin E
B. vitamin D
C. vitamin K
D. vitamin A
D. vitamin A (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Which food provides very little vitamin A?
A. banana
B. liver
C. spinach
D. mango
A. banana (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Vitamin A is involved in all of the following functions except _________.
A. hemoglobin synthesis
B. vision & dark adaptation
C. cell differentiation
D. resistance to infection
A. hemoglobin synthesis (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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A deficiency is associated with the symptoms of night blindness, keratinization and increased infections.
a. true
b. false
a. true
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Which of the following vitamins also can be classified as a hormone because the body can synthesize it?
A. vitamin A
B. vitamin K
C. vitamin D
D. vitamin E
C. vitamin D (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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which of the following is a good source of vitamin D?
A. dark, leafy greens
B. salmon & sardines
C. enriched grains
D. yellow-orange vegetables
B. salmon & sardines (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Which of the following is a function of vitamin D?
A. produces blood-clotting factors
B. serves as a co-enzyme in energy metabolism
C. regulates calcium homeostasis
D. serves as an antioxidant to protect against lipid peroxidation
C. regulates calcium homeostasis (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of diabetes, multiple sclerosis and hypertension.
a. true
b. false
a. true
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Vitamin D deficiency in children results in a condition called ___________.
A. xerophthalmia
B. rickets
C. osteomalacia
D. beriberi
B. rickets (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Wheat germ & vegetable oils are a good source of vitamin E.
a. true
b. flase
a. true
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Large does of vitamin E have been shown to interfere with vitamin K activity & to increase the risk of bleeding.
a. true
b. false
a. true
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Which of the following is the best source of vitamin K?
A. citrus fruits
B. enriched grains
C. dark, leafy greens
D. nuts & seeds
C. dark, leafy greens (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Which vitamin aids in blood clotting?
A. vitamin K
B. vitamin E
C. vitamin D
D. vitamin A
A. vitamin K (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Vitamin & mineral supplements are tightly regulated by the FDA.
a. true
b. false
b. false
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When compared with whole grain products, enriched cereals and grains provide the same or higher amounts of all the b-vitamins.
a. true
b. false
b. false
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Thiamin pryrophosphate (TPP) is required for ________.
A. protein synthesis
B. DNA synthesis
C. fatty acid synthesis
D. carbohydrate metabolism
D. carbohydrate metabolism (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Thiamin deficiency can be found among _______.
A. both a & c
B. both a & b
C. people in developing countries reliant of corn as a stable food
D. people in developing countries reliant on white rice as a staple food
E. heavy users of alcohol
B. both a & b (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Which of the following water-soluble vitamins participate in oxidation reduction reactions?
A. vitamin C, riboflavin & niacin
B. folate, vitamin B-12 and B-6
C. thiamin, riboflavin & niacin
D. biotin, pantothenic acid and niacin
A. vitamin C, riboflavin & niacin (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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An alcoholic who consumes no dairy products is most at risk of developing _______ deficiency.
A. choline
B. thiamin
C. riboflavin
D. vitamin B-6
C. riboflavin (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Niacin can be synthesized in the cells from _______.
A. fatty acids
B. riboflavin
C. tryptophan
D. glucose
C. tryptophan (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Deficiencies of ______ & ______ are extremely rare.
A. vitamin C & folate
B. vitamin B-12 & folate
C. vitamin C & niacin
D. biotin & pantothenic acid
D. biotin & pantothenic acid (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Transaminiation reaction allow the formation of nonessential amino acids. Which vitamin is required for these reactions?
A. folate
B. vitamin B-6
C. riboflavin
D. vitamin B-12
B. vitamin B-6 (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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The absorption of folic acid in supplements and fortified foods exceeds that of folate found in foods.
a. true
b. false
a. true
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Good sources of folate include _______.
A. tuna, chicken, beef & dairy products
B. lentils, spinach, asparagus, and fortified foods.
C. dairy products, fortified foods and nuts
D. papaya, limes, oranges and potato
B. lentils, spinach, asparagus & fortified foods. (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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The prevention of neural tube defects is best achieved by?
good folate status prior to becoming pregnant
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Macrocytic anemia, peripheral neuropathy & impaired cognitive function are signs of ______ deficiency.
vitamin B-12
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Vitamin C is required for the formation of _______ required to synthesize collage.
Hydroxyproline.
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