Module 5: Fat & Water Soluble Vitamins

B-vitamins

• Thiamin – pork & pork products, enriched & whole-grain cereals, eggs, nuts, legumes
• Riboflavin – milk & milk products, mushrooms, eggs, liver, enriched grains
• Niacin – meat, poultry, fish, enriched & whole-grain breads & cereals, tryptophan conversion to niacin
• Pantothenic Acid – Widely distributed in foods
• Biotin – nuts, seeds, fish, whole grains, many other foods
• Folic Acid – green vegetables, liver, enriched cereal products, legumes, oranges
• B-6 (pyridoxine) – animal protein foods, potatoes, bananas, legumes, avocados
• B-12 (cobalamin)- animal foods, fortified ready to eat breakfast cereals

Vitamin C – citrus fruits, papayas, strawberries, broccoli, potatoes, greens


Choline – eggs, meat, fish, milk, wheat germ plus self-synthesis

• Vit A – liver, fish, fish oils, fortified milk, eggs, dark green & yellow0orange veggies & fruits (carrots, spinach, winter squash, sweet potato, mangos, cantaloupe, peaches & apricots)
• D – Fortified milk, fish oils, oily fish
• E – plant oils, seeds, nuts, products made from oils
• K – green vegetables, synthesis by intestinal microorganisms

• Essential, organic substances needed in small amounts in the diet.
• They are not a source of energy.  They aid in energy metabolism as well as in the growth, development and maintenance of body tissues.
• Sources: Foods of both plant & animal origin supply vitamins in the diet. Vitamins consumed in foods as part of a varied diet may be more beneficial than vitamins taken separately as dietary supplements. Dietary supplements also can provide needed vitamins.

• Vit. D deficiency occurs in the growing bones of children.
• Causes bones to weaken and bow under pressure.

• Thiamine deficiency
• causes weight loss
• weakness
• peripheral neuropathy

• Riboflavin
• inflammation of mouth and tongue
• cracks at corner of mouth

• Niacin deficiency
• causes diarrhea
• dermatitis
• dementia
• and death

• Vit. C deficiency
• poor wound healing
• pinpoint hemorrhages
• bleeding gums

• vitamins A – headache, vomiting, double vision, dry mucous membranes, bone & joint pain, liver damage, hemorrhage, coma, spontaneous abortions, birth defects
• D – Calcificaion of soft tissues, impaired growth, excess calcium in the blood, excretion in the urine.
• E – Inhibits vit. K metabolism
• K – Rare, can cause hemolytic anemia

short-lived form of a compound that has an unpaired electron, causing it to seek an electron from another compound.  Free radicals are strong oxidizing agents and can be very destructive to electron-dense cell components, such as DNA & cell membranes.

Chemicals that can readily undergo both oxidation (loss of an electron) and reduction (gain of an electron). Fancy name for antioxidant list 2 examples E C

• a collective term for the biologically active forms of vitamin A.
• Vit. A refers to the performed retinoids & provitamin-A carotenoids that can be converted to Vit. A activity. “performed Vit. A” refers to the fact they don’t need to be converted in the body to become biologically active. (unlike carotenoids)

• Retinoid exist in 3 forms: retinol (an alcohol), retinal (an aldehyde) & retinoic acid.
• Carotenoids – a yellow-orange pigment material in fruit & vegetables, some of which are pro-vitamins – they can be converted into Vit. A
• Of the 6000 or more carotenoids, only alpha-carotene, beta-carotene & beta cryptoxanthin can be converted to biologically active forms of Vit. A.

The natural form of vitamin E is more potent than the synthetic form

Vit. D deficiency occurs in the growing bones of children. Causes bones to weaken and bow under pressure.

• Thiamin deficiency
• Causes weight loss
• Weakness
• Peripheral neuropathy

• Riboflavin
• Inflammation of mouth and tongue
• Cracks at corner of mouth

• Niacin deficiency
• Causes diarrhea
• Dermatitis
• Dementia (death)

• Vit. C deficiency
• poor would healing
• pinpoint hemorrhages
• bleeding gums

term generally meaning that they vitamins thiamin, niacin, riboflavin and folate and the mineral iron have been added to a grain product to improve its nutritional quality.

term generally meaning that vitamins, minerals, or both have been added to a food product in excess of what was originally found in the product.

vitamins that dissolve in water, includes the B-vitamins and Vitamin C

B-vitamins

• Thiamin – pork & pork products, enriched & whole-grain cereals, eggs, nuts, legumes
• Riboflavin – milk & milk products, mushrooms, eggs, liver, enriched grains
• Niacin – meat, poultry, fish, enriched & whole-grain breads & cereals, tryptophan conversion to niacin
• Pantothenic Acid – Widely distributed in foods
• Biotin – nuts, seeds, fish, whole grains, many other foods
• Folic Acid – green vegetables, liver, enriched cereal products, legumes, oranges
• B-6 (pyridoxine) – animal protein foods, potatoes, bananas, legumes, avocados
• B-12 (cobalamin)- animal foods, fortified ready to eat breakfast cereals

• C – citrus fruits, papayas, strawberries, broccoli, potatoes, greens
• Choline – eggs, meat, fish, milk, wheat germ plus self-synthesis

vitamins that dissolve in fat and such substances as ether & benzene, but not readily in water; vitamins A, D, E & K

• A – liver, fish, fish oils, fortified milk, eggs, dark green & yellow0orange veggies & fruits (carrots, spinach, winter squash, sweet potato, mangos, cantaloupe, peaches & apricots)
• D – Fortified milk, fish oils, oily fish
• E – plant oils, seeds, nuts, products made from oils
• K – green vegetables, synthesis by intestinal microorganisms

compound used to shuttle fatty acids from the cytosol of the cell into mitochondria

Fat-Soluble Vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine with the help of bile and pancreatic lipase. They are carried by chylomicrons into the lymphatic circulation.

Water-Soluble Vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine and released directly into the blood.

• Term for the biologically active forms of vitamin A.
• Vitamin A refers to the performed retinoids & provitamin-A carotenoids that can be converted to vitamin A activity.

Beta-carotene can be converted to biologically active forms of Vit. A.

• Stores are found in the liver, with small amounts in adipose tissue, kidneys, bone marrow, testicles and eyes.  
• The liver stores enough vitamin A to last for several mounts to protect against vitamin A deficiency.

• Vision in dim light and color vision
• cell differentiation
• bone growth
• immunity
• and reproduction.

• Poor growth
• night blindness
• total blindness
• dry skin
• xerophthamia
• hyperkeratosis
• impaired immune function.

High carotenoids concentration in the body can turn the skin a yellow-orange color, a condition termed hypercarotenemia or carotenemia.  This is not harmful to overall health.

Dark-skinned individuals, older adults with low intakes or low UV exposure, and patients with fat malabsorption syndromes.

Dietary source is not required if synthesis (skin cells can synthesize a sufficient supply from a derivative of cholesterol)is adequate to meet needs, the vitamin is more correctly classified as a “conditional”vitamin, or prohormone.

Rickets – Vit. D deficiency occurs in the growing bones of children.  Causes bones to weaken and bow under pressure.

• Plant oils, seeds, nuts products made from oils.
• Specific foods are avocado, almonds, peanuts and sunflower seeds.

It works as an antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals, preventing widespread destruction of both cell membranes and DNA.

The Daily Value for vitamin E used on food and supplement labels is 30IU. In excess – inhibits vitamin K metabolism.

Kale, turnip greens, parsley.

Vitamin K is needed for the synthesis of blood-clotting factors by the liver and the conversion of preprothrombin to the active blood-clotting factor called prothrombin

Those taking antibiotics for a long period of time, adults with low green vegetable intake, and patients with fat malabsorption syndromes.

Energy metabolism, critical in the formation of other B-vitamins & antioxidants.

Milk products & mushrooms.

Megaloblatic Anemia – amemia characterized by abnormally large, nucleated, immature red blood cells, which result from the inability of a precursor cell to divide normally.

• In the stomach, HCL & pepsinogen release vitamin-12 bound to protein in food.
• In the small intestine, Vitamin B-12 links with intrinsic factor.
• In the Ileum, vitamin B-12/intrinsic factor complex is absorbed into blood and binds to transport protein transcolbalamin II.

Because of its interaction with folate, a deficiency of vitamin B-12 results in the same type of megalobastic anemia, as well as excess hormocysteine in the blood.

• Liver
• kidneys
• heart

D. vitamin A

A.  banana

A.  hemoglobin synthesis

a. true

C.  vitamin D

B.  salmon & sardines

C.  regulates calcium homeostasis

a.  true

B.  rickets

a. true

a.  true

C.  dark, leafy greens

A.  vitamin K

b.  false

b.  false

D.  carbohydrate metabolism

B.  both a & b

A.  vitamin C, riboflavin & niacin

C. riboflavin

C. tryptophan

D.  biotin & pantothenic acid

B.  vitamin B-6

a.  true

B.  lentils, spinach, asparagus & fortified foods.

good folate status prior to becoming pregnant

vitamin B-12

Hydroxyproline.