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Liver problems as perceived by clients. (7)
poor doer, failure to gain weight/ weight loss, poor milk production, diarrhea/constipation, altered mentation, skin problems, "yellow eyes"
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What are the few ways to evaluate the liver? (3)
liver enlargement (caudal to 13th rib) via US, blood work, liver biopsy and histopath
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If a close-up cow's total protein (TP) is less than 7, then likely...
she is not getting proper nutrition....look at the ration.
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Newborn with signs of liver failure, suspect ___________.
anaplasmosis
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Adult periparturient Holstein cow with signs of liver failure, suspect ___________.
hepatic lipidosis
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Non-vaccinated animals with signs of liver failure, suspect ___________.
Clostridium
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Clinical signs of liver disease. (13)
liver pain on palpation, anemia, hypoproteinemia/low ALB, ascites, brisket edema/ bottle jaw, fever, anorexia, weight loss, HE, liver enlargement/ small liver, dermatitis, icterus, hemorrhage
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Fever and anorexia are often associated with __(2)__ liver disorders.
liver abscess, acute hepatitis
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Weight loss, diarrhea, tenesmus, and rectal prolapse are often associated with __(2)__.
PA toxicosis, coccidia
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Liver enlargement, palpable behind the 13th rib, is consistent with __(2)__.
liver abscess, severe hepatic lipidosis
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What blood work values are NOT useful for assessing liver function in ruminants? (3)
bile acids (sometimes used in camelids), icterus, ALT
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What is the only liver specific enzyme in large animals?
SDH
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What are common liver diseases in ruminants? (6)
Clostridium novyii type B and D, Vit K deficiency, hepatic lipidosis (pregnancy toxemia, ketosis), copper toxicity, PA intoxication, caudal vena cava system (liver abscess)
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Infectious necrotic hepatitis is caused by ____________.
C. novyii type B
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Bacillary hemoglobinuria is caused by _____________.
C. novyii type D
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C. novyii type B usually happens in _________ when there is poor _________; it usually presents as __(3)__ WITHOUT __(2)__.
fall/winter; sudden death following fever, anorexia; hemoglobinemia/uria
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C. novyii type D usually presents as... (5)
sudden death associated with fever, anorexia, hemoglbonuria, blood does not clot, hemoglobinemia
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How do you prevent C.novyii associated liver diseases? (2)
vaccination 2 doses 3-4 weeks apart, anthelminitic effective against flukes
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If you get the opportunity, how do you treat C. novyii associated liver diseases? (4)
Pen G, Oxytet, fluids, whole blood transfusions
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How are C. novyii infections often initiated in the liver? (4)
abscess, fluke migration, anaerobic environment, trauma
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What are causes of clotting factor deficiencies in ruminants? (2)
moldy sweet clover, coumarin-type rodenticides
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How do you treat clotting factor deficiencies? (2)
whole blood, Vit K
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How do ruminants present with PA toxicity? (5)
- diarrhea, weight loss, ascites, tenesmus, prolapsed rectum in CALVES esp.
- [liver values are NORMAL]
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What blood work value can you NOT use as an indicator of liver function in young calves and why?
GGT- it is always elevated in young calves due to colostrum consumption (in fact, if it's not elevated, that's cause for concern....maybe didn't get colostrum)
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How can you attempt to treat PA toxicity?
usually futile but you can change feed, maintain blood glucose
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What causes hepatic lipidosis in cows? (5)
prolonged dry period, over-conditioned dairy cows, excess body fat over-saturates hepatocytes with lipid, NEFAs then ketone production
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Hepatic lipidosis occurs _________ in dairy cows, _________ in beef cows, and _________ in sheep and goats.
post-partum; pre-partum; pre-partum
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What do liver abscesses result from? (2)
grain engorgement (rumen acidosis--> bacterial translocation via portal circulation), liver fluke migration
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What are the most common bacterial etiologies of liver abscesses? (3)
F. necrophorum, T. pyogenes, Bacteroides
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Clinical signs of liver abscesses. (6)
reduced rate of gain, anorexia, decreased milk production, [neonates] umbilical infection, intermittent fever (periodic bacteremia), enlarged liver
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What is the treatment of liver abscesses? (3)
long-term penicillin, tetracycline, supportive care
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Copper toxicity mainly occurs in ________ due to...
sheep; mistakes at feed mill (cattle/horse feed fed to sheep)
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Describe the pathogenesis of copper toxicity.
Cu accumulates in lysosomes leading to necrosis, serum copper results in hemolysis
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If you have a lot of ________ in the diet, the animal will be able to tolerate more copper.
molybdenum
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How do you treat copper toxicity? (4)
ammonium molybdate, tetrathiolmolybdates, sodium sulfate, supportive care
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What causes primary photosensitization?
- Type I- toxic plant ingestion
- Type II- aberrant pigment metabolism (endogenous)
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What causes secondary photosensitization?
hepatogenous (Type III)- hepatic disease leading to reduced biliary excretion of phylloerythrin
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