For. Exam 1

Propositional; expressed in a declarative sentence (true/false)

Whether it is true or false is independent of whether people think it's true/false

Whether it is true/false is not independent of whether people think its true/ false

Idea that truth is relative to the standards of a given culture

Idea that moral opinions are subjective

A question

Presents a consideration for accepting a claim

Provides the reason of the argument

What the premise supports/demonstrates

Skew our apprehension of reality & interfere with our ability to think clearly/reason objectively

Tendency to evaluate reasoning by the believablity of its conclusion (beginning false, but ending true)

Tendency to attach more weight to evidence that supports our viewpoint

Unconscious expressions of the human tendency to think our side of an issue is correct

Helps find adequate answers to difficult questions

Assigning probability based on how easily an example can be brought to mind

Tendency to overestimate the degree to which attitudes held by ourselves & our peers are held by society at large

Tendency to align our belief system w/ the belief systems of those around us

Tendency to weigh negative information more heavily than positive information

People generally are more strongly motivated to avoid a loss than to accrue a gain

Bias that makes us view people who belong to our group differently from people who don't

Tendency to not appreciate others' behavior is as much constrained by events & circumstances as our own would be if we were in their situation

People will buy/do anything when told to do so by a person in a labcoat

A bias that leads us to overestimate the probability that we know the correct answer

Group rates themselves as better than most of a group relative to some desirable characteristic (resourcefulness)

The premise of a good deductive argument, if true, proves/demonstrates its conclusion

Argument valid if it isn't possible for the premise(s) to be true & the conclusion false

When the premise of a valid argument is true

Premises are true, but conclusion is false

Premise of a good inductive argument doesn't demonstrate its conclusion; it supports it

If P then Q. Q. Therefore, P

Part of first premise after "if" of the claim

Part after "then" in the claim

If P then Q. Not P. Therefore, not Q

X has features a,b,c. Y has features a,b,c. Therefore, X is Y

Trying to support/demonstrate a point by playing on the ambiguity in the meaning of an expression (semantic ambiguity)

Trying to support/demonstrate a point by playing on the ambiguity of an expression, where the ambiguity derives from

Assuming what's true of the parts of a thing must be true of the thing itself

Assuming what's true of the whole must also be true of its parts

Can't both be true and can't both be false

Can't both be true, but could both be false

Can't both be false, but could both be true

If it's possible that each & every one of them is true at the same time

If it's not possible for all of them to be true at the same time

Thinking that independent events are actually dependent

Not adequately accounting for the actual probability of an event given the observed outcome

Not taking into account that a test may give erroneous results

• False if and only if both of its disjuncts are false
• "OR"

• Most common way of stating conditionals
• "If...then..."