the study to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns
psychopathology
abnormal disorders
what are the 4 Ds that define an abnormal disorder
Deviance, Danger, Distress, Dysfunction
Definition of a mental disorder, according to DSM5
-defining characteristics
-excluded conditions
1. present distress
2. Functioning impairment
3. Increased suffering
1. A culturally accepted response
2. Deviant behavior
3. Conflicts between and individual and a society (expressing individuality)
What is borderline personality disorder and how is it characterized
A patterns in early adulthood of instability in interpersonal relationships. Very impulsive, reckless with intense mood swings. Intense fear of abandonment and paranoia from it.
What does APA mean?
American Psychiatric Association
Eugenics?
2 kinds
The breeding of a perfect race
Positive- more births with desirable traits
Negative- stopping birth of undesirable traits
Epidemiology
-The study of epidemics
-The study of the distribution of disorders, diseases, and abnormal behavior in a population
Incidence
the rate of occurrence of a given population over a given period of time
ex. incidence of 4% people in 1 year
Prevalence
the relative proportion of active cases that can be identified at a given time
Lifetime Prevalence
total proportion of people in a pop who have EVER had the disorder (cured and non cured)
Etiology
-the study of origin/cause of a disorder
-the apparent causation/development of a disorder
Prognosis
a forecast of the probable course of an illness
Somatogenic
physical causes, the root of a disorder
caused by physical problems, like hormones
Psychogenic
Origin that is psychological in nature
What kind of a psychologist is one that treats human emotional difficulties
clinical psychologist
Treatments to abnormal psychology in the past
Trephination-surgical removing circle from skull
Limiting yellow or black bile (Hippocrates)
Exorcisms of demons
Rise of mental asylums
Then put in prisons or out of the street
Psychoanalysis
developed by who?
a form of discussion that helps people gain insight into their unconscious processes.
sometimes by free association-when a person lays down and talks about what comes to mind
sometimes more direct and the therapist watching the persons resistance to talking about things that are emotionally hard
4 types of psychotropic medications
anti-anxiety
anti-depressants
anti-psychotics
anti-bipolar
positive psychology
study and enhancement of positive feelings such as optimism and happiness, positive traits, etc.
what is needed for it to be treatment?
a patient, a therapist, and a series of therapeutic contacts
Paradigm/Model
Paradigm/Model- perspectives made to explain events. Each one spells out a scientist’s basic assumption.
Types of Etiological models
think of the spectrum of them
-biological basis:physical cause
-psychoanalytic:psychological cause
-cognitive/behavioral:thinking that underlies behavior patterns and how they're learned
person avoids anxiety by not letting painful thoughts become conscious
denial
person refuses to acknowledge the problems existence
projection
a person saying their bad impulses are actually coming from someone else
rationalization
creating a socially acceptable reason for their unacceptable behavior or motive
displacement
a person takes their anger from one situation, and shows the hostility towards another safer person
intellectualization
when a person suppresses emotion and gives an overly logical response to a problem
regression
a person encounters a conflict that causes them to behave in a way that would only be acceptable in an early developmental stage
3 types of behavioral conditioning
operant conditioning- learning behavior based on rewards received
modeling- learning by observing others
classical conditioning- when 2 events occur close together in time so association is formed
3 basic concepts of behavioral model
stimulus, response, reward
what is cognitive-behavioral therapy
therapy that helps clients change bad behaviors and dysfunctional thinking
what is the cognitive model
is focuses on thoughts and the process of thinking, remembering, and anticipating
humanistic-existential model
Focuses on broader dimension of human existence. Self Actualization- fulfill the potential for goodness + growth. Leads to naturally take care of needs of others, loving, courageous, spontaneous and independent behavior.
existential therapy
what is the meaning of life
Gestalt therapy
focuses on immediate awareness
they look at different parts of themselves
group therapy
a therapist sits down with a group of people with similar problems
self-help/mutual help
people with similar problems gather together without therapist or leadership
3 characteristics of assessment tools
standardized-common steps to be administered
reliability-consistency of measurements
validity-measurement must be accurate
projective test
clients interpret vague stimuli like inkblots or ambiguous pictures or follow open-ended questions
rorschach test
use of colored inkblots that were folded in half to make pictures
thematic appreciation test
black and white peoples on people in vague situation, patient is asked to make up a story for them
what is MMPI
a personal inventory test
psychopathic deviate
showing emotional shallowness or gross regard for social customs
psychasthenia
obsessions, compulsions, indecisiveness
hypomania
overactivity of excitement, or ideas
syndrome
a cluster of symptoms
How does DSM-5 require clinicians to make a proper diagnosis
categorical- what it is
and dimensional-how severe it is
Define factitious disorder in DSM-5
develops a physical problem to get attention
-person has an honest concern for themselves with a physical manifestation
Malingering disorder
-vcodes in DSM-5
-faking a disorder for ones own gain, maybe to get out of something
psychometric test
psychological test
2 types of personality tests
objective and projective
countertransference
a therapists own feelings, history, and values influence the way they interpret the patient's problems
