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Adolf Hitler
- Failure in secondary school, went to Vienna to become an artist and was rejected by the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts, lived in Vienna for a few years, which is where he got his ideas from
- Racism and antisemitism were some of his ideas
- Had a talent for knowing how to use propaganda, political parties, and terror
- This allowed him to spread his movement effectively
- Joined the German Workers' Party, a right-wing extremist party in Munich
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Nazi Party
- Hitler created the Nationalist Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), the Nazis
- Known as the SA, Storm Troops, or Brownshirts
- Hitler was sent to prison after staging an uprising against the govn in Munich (the Beer Hall Puntch)
- While in prison, he wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) that was an account of his ideas of movements
- It emphasized the right of superior nations to lebensraum (living spaces) through expansion
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Reichstag
- The German parliament
- Hitler realized the Nazis would have to gain power by legal means, not overthrow of the govn
- After he was released from prison, Hitler expanded the Nazi Party to all parts of Germany and had become bigger than Reichstag
- Unemployment had risen in Germany (4.35 million to 6 million in a year)
- Great Depression had made extremist parties more attractive
- Many right-wing elites started looking to Hitler as a leader
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Enabling Act
- A law that gave the govn the power to ignore the constitution for four years to deal w/ the country's problems
- This made Hitler's actions legal
- He became dictator appointed by the parliamentary body itself
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Concentration camps
- Civil service was purged of Jews and democratic elements
- Camps were sent up for the people who opposed the new regime
- Trade unions dissolved
- All parties except Nazis were abolished
- Hitler took complete control
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Heinrich Himmler
- The SS (Schitzstaffeln : Guard Squadrons) was important to maintaining order
- Was originally created as Hitler's bodyguard
- Under Himmler's direction, the SS came to control the secret and regular police forces
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Nuremberg (rallies)
- Mass demonstrations and spectacles made the Germans an instrument of Hitler's policies
- Held every September and usually caused mass excitement and enthusiasm
- Institutions were brought under Nazi control
- Professional Nazi organizations were formed for civil servants, teachers, women, farmers, doctors, lawyers, and the youth
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Nuremberg laws
- New racial laws that excluded Jews form German citizenship
- A Jew was not defined by religion, but if their grandparents were Jewish
- Marriage between Germans and Jews were forbidden
- Jews had to wear starts of David and to carry around IDs to say that they were Jewish
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Kristallnacht
- "The night of shattered glass"
- Nazis burned synagogues and destroyed some 7 thousand Jewish businesses
- At least 100 Jews were killed
- 30 thousand Jewish males were sent to concentration camps
- They were barred from public transport and buildings, including schools and hospitals
- Prohibited from owning, working, or managing retail stores
- Jews were forced to clean up all the damage from KristallnachtWere encouraged to "emigrate from Germany"
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The Triumph of the Will
- A propaganda documentary of the 1934 Nuremberg party rally
- Filmed by actress-turned-director Leni Riefenstahl
- Vividly conveyed the ideas of National Socialism
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Surrealism--Dali
- Surrealism movement brought reality beyond the material world and found it in the world of the unconscious
- Portrayed fantasies, dreams, and nightmares
- Spaniard Salvador Dali was the high priest of surrealism
- Place recognizable objects in unrecognizable relationships
- Created a strange world in which the irrational became visible
- This type of art was not accepted in Germany and was seen as "the outcome of an impudent and shameless arrogance of a simply shocking lack of skill"
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Mohandas Gandhi
- Became active in the movement for Indian self-rule before WWI
- Before the war, Indians referred him as the "Great Soul" or Mahatma
- After the war, Gandhi remained an important figure
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Civil disobedience
- The refusal to obey laws considered to be unjust
- Gandhi began to organize mass protests to achieve his aims
- He believed in nonviolence and had protested British laws by using civil disobedience
- It turned violent and it had a strong British reaction
- British troops killed hundreds of unarmed protesters and Gandi retreated from active politics when it became violent and spent several years in prison
- In 1919, Great Britain passed the Govn of India Act which expanded the role of Indians in the governing process
- 2/3 of its Indian members of the parliament were to be elected
- 5 million Indians were given the right to vote
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Jawaharlal Nehru
- Studied law in Great Britain and was an example of a new kind of an Indian politician
- The independence split two ways
- One identified w/ Gandhi--religious, Indian, traditional
- The other identified with Nehru--secular, Western, modern
- This created uncertainty about India's future path
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Manchuria
- 1931, a group of middle-level army officers invaded Manchuria w/o govn approval
- In a short time, it was conquered
- Japanese govn opposed the conquest, but the Japanese people supported it
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Chiang Kai-shek
- He pretended that he supported the Communists, but later he struck against them, killing thousands in the Shanghai Massacre
- 1928, he found a new Chinese republic at Nanjing and worked to reunify China
- Believed Japan was less dangerous than Communists-- "the Communists are a disease of heart"
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Mao Zedong
- Was convinced the Chinese rev would have to depend on the peasants, not the working class, unlike the rest of the CCP (Chinese Communist Party)
- Made the peasants the heart and soul of Chinese Communism
- COMMUNIST KITTY!
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Guerrilla tactics
- Unexpected maneuvers like sabotage and subterfuge
- Chiang used these tactics
- "When the enemy advances, we retreat!"
- "When the enemy halts and camps, we trouble them!"
- "When the enemy tries to avoid battle, we attack!"
- "When the enemy retreats, we pursue!"
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Long March
- 1934, Chiang's troops surrounded the Communist base in Jiangxi
- People Liberation Army (PLA) was Mao's army and were able to break through Nationalist lines by moving on foot 6,000 miles to reach the last Communist base
- Many froze or starved
- A year later, Mao's troops reached safely to northern China
- 9,000 out of 90,000 troops survived
- Mao considered himself as the heroic and unquestioned leaser of the CCP and had not given up their fight
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Redistribution of Wealth
- Shifting of wealth from a rich minority to a poor majority
- Chiang's govn oppressed this since it could lead to Communist influence
- Suppressed all opposition
- Alienated many intellectuals and political moderates
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