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Frankpledge
a system in which members of a tithing pledge to be responsible for keeping order and bringing violators of the law to court
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watch system
the practice of assigning individuals to night observation duty to warn the public of fires and crime
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slave patrols
law enforcement in the south to catch and control slaves
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sheriff
top law enforcement official in county government who was an exceptionally important police official during westward expansion
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U.S. marshall
federal law enforcement official that handle duties in western territories
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community policing
close personal contact between police and citizens and the inclusion of citizens in efforts to solve problems
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problem-oriented policing
community policing strategy that emphasizes solving problems of disorder in a neighborhood
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Law enforcement certification
preservice training required for sworn officers
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socialization
the process by which rules, symbols, and values, of a group are learned by its members
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subculture
the symbols, beliefs, values, and attitudes shared by members of a subgroup of the larger society
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working personality
a set of characteristics developed due to work situations and evironmental influences
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order maintenance
the police of function of preventing behavior that disturbs or threatens to disturb the public peace
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law enforcement
police function of controlling crime by intervening in situations in which the law has been violated
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service
the police function of providing assistance to the public, usually in matters unrelated to crime
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police bureaucracy
the organizational description of police departments' design and operation that seek to achieve efficiency through division of labor, chain of command, and rules to guide staff
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patrol units
units of local police departments that deploy uniformed officers to handle police functions
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watchman style
style of policing that emphasizes order maintenance and tolerates minor violations of law
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legalistic style
style of policing that emphasizes strict enforcement of laws and reduces officers' authority to handle matters informally
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service style
officer's cater to citizen's desire for favorable treatment and sensitivity to individual situations
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civilian review board
citizens' commmittee formed to investigate complaints against the police
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Commission on Accredivation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA)
organization formed to develop standards for police policies and practice
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Section 1983
Civil Law suits authorized by a federal statute against the state and local officials and local agencies when citizens have evidence that these people have violated their federal constitutional rights
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Evidence-based policing
the deployment of police personnel and development of police strategies based on results from social science studies
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incident-driven policing
policing in which calls for service are the primary instigators of actions
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differential response
A patrol strategy that assigns priorities to calls for service and chooses the appropriate response
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Compstat
meetings of policemen where they discuss crime stats and goals for problem solving and crime prevention
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clearance rate
percentage of crimes known to the police that they believed have been solved by an arrest
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preventive patrol
making the police presents known, to deter crime, make officers readily available to respond to calls
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SROs
School resource officers
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directed patrol
a proactive form of patrolling that directs resources to known high-crime areas
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aggressive patrol
a patrol strategy designed to maximize number of police interventions and observations in the community
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community crime prevention
programs where criminal justice officials create relations with and rely on assistance of citizens in preventing crime and apprehending offenders within the neighborhood
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What are the four functions of police agencies?
- Maintain order
- Enforce Laws
- Provide services to the community
- Prevent Crime
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What are the 5 police agencies?
- Federal Law
- State
- County
- Municipal
- Native American Tribal Police
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What are the operational units of police departments?
- Patrol
- Investigation
- Traffic
- Vice
- Juvenile
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E. Bittner's Approach of policemen
- law is just pretext
- could be used for something its not meant for (screwdrive)
- policemen have the most discretion
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Two possible natures of police actions
- Retroactive: prosecution of crimes
- Preventive: guarding against threats to public safety or order
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Five important factors in police discretion
- Nature of the crime
- Relationship between the suspect and victim
- Relationship between police and criminal or victim
- Race/ethinicity, age, gender, class
- Departmental Policy
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Two sections of delivery of police services
- Line Functions: Field operations, carry out the basic functions of patrol, investigation, traffic, vice,juvenile, etc.
- Staff Function: supplement or support the line function
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Three types of delivery
Patrol, Investigation, Special Operations
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Patrol Functions
- answering calls for help
- maintaining police presence
- probing suspicious circumstances
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Four components of Community policing
- Community based crime prevention
- Changing focus to non emergency services
- Making Police accountable to public
- Decentralize decision making to include residents
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Zero tolerance
- no tolerance for broken windowsÂ
- automatic punishments for infractions of a stated role
- Limit police discretion
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When was Zero Tolerance idea first introduced
Safe & Clean Neighborhoods Act, approved in New Jersey 1973
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Criticism of Zero tolerance
- not very strong evidence that it worked
- works against community policingÂ
- could target the poor
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7 Principles of Effective processing
- Physical evidence solves crimes
- Appearances may be deceiving
- Everything must be questionedÂ
- Think about evidence you can't see
- Do it right the first time
- Proceed Slowly
- Understand the influences of Assumptions
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