psychology chapter 6

all encompassing, may contain many identities

label that may carry with it many qualities (athlete is strong, youthful)

• simultaneously very masculine and very feminine
• undifferentiated (neither)

based on political borders, a result of shared history, media, symbols

common ancestry, cultural heritage and language

• we let the situation dictate which identity holds the most importance for us
• the more salient the identity, the more we conform to the role expectation of the identities

• we ave three selves (actual, ideal and ought-how others think we should be)
• closer these three selves are, the higher our self-esteem is

no control over situation, helpless to avoid the pain even if offered the opportunity to avoid being shocked

• external: it was a stupid question
• internal: i didn't train hard enough

drive reduction theory: libidinal energy creates internal tension and our actions aim to reduce it

child is overindulged or overly frustrated during a stage of development

• freud: fixated and will display personality traits of that fixation for the rest of his or her life
• erikson: still move through phases but lack the necessary skills if stage was resolved
• kohlverg: incapable of reasoning at that level, will use reasoning in previous stage

conflict between societal demands and desire to reduce the libidinal tension

conflicts between needs and social demands

development of moral thinking

• engine driving cognitive development is the child's internalization of various aspects of culture
• zone of proximal development: skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed (in process)

ability to sense how another's mind works

others reflecting our selves back to ourselves

• psychoanalytic
• humanistic
• type and trait 
• behaviorist

behavior continues despite satisfaction of the drive that originally created the behavior (hunting continues after food is abundant)

• not only does our environment influence our behavior, but also how we interact with the environment also impacts our behavior
• people find environments that suit their personality and their personalities determine how they will feel about and react t events in those environments

• personality (dispositional approach)
• or environment and context (situational approach)

• the ways in which we describe ourselves, our present, past and future
• the ought self is our appraisal of how others see us (not self-concept)

hardworking and organized instead of impulsive

in humanistic therapy in which therapist believes in the internal good of the client and does not judge the client negatively for any words or action

• link between genetics and behavior
• social cognitive perspective holds that people's behaviors and traits shape their environments.

• teens get most influence from peers
• kids don't learn from parents
• children engage in behavior modeled by individuals who are like themselves

can lead to excessive organization or excessive sloppiness.

repeated inability to have any effect on a situation over a long period of time. can lead to depression