CHAPTER 4

• Smooth - reduce friction
• Microvilli - increase surface area for absorption or secretion.
• Cilia - move materials across the surface
• Stereocilia - elongated [longer] microvilli for sensation and absorption.
• Folds: in transitional epithelium where organ must be able to change shape. Urinary system.

• Simple squamous epithelium
• Simple cuboidal epithelium
• Simple columnar epithelium
• Stratified squamous epithelium
• Stratified cuboidal epithelium
• Stratified columnar epithelium

• Pseudostratified columnar w/goblet cells & cilia
• Transitional epithelium

• Structure: single layer of flat cell.
• Location: kidney's renal corpuscle bowman's capsule.
• Function: diffusioin & filtration

• Structure: single layer of cube-shaped cells. Some have microvilli or cilia.  
• Location: kidney tubules & surface of ovaries.
• Function: secretion & absorption in the kidney.

• Structure: single layer and tall narrow cells. Some have cilia or microvilli. 
• Location: glands & lining of intestine.
• Function: movement & absorption

• Structure: multiple layers of cells that are cuboidal.
• Locations:
• 1. moist (non-keratinized) - mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, inferior urethra, and cornea. 
• 2. Keratinized - skin. 
• Functions: protection against abrasion, chemicals, water loos, and infection.

• Structure: multiple layers of somewhat cubed-shaped cells. 
• Locations: sweat glands, salivary gland ducts. 
• Functions: secretion

Function: protection

• Structure: w/goblet cells & cilia
• Location: respiratory system
• Function: synthesize and secrete mucus.

• Structure: change shape
• Location: urinary bladder 
• Functions: stretch

removal of tissues for diagnostic purposes.

examination of organs of a dead body to determine cause of death.

• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscular
• Nervous

• Middle layer
• Forms tissues as such muscle, bone, blood vessels.

• Simple: one layer. single layer.
• Stratified: more than one layer. top layer is that matters. more layer means more protection.
• Squamous: flat, scale-like. 
• Cuboidal: about equal in height and width. 
• Columnar: taller than wide.

reduce friction

increase surface area for absorption or secretion

move materials across the surface

elongated microvili for sensation and absorption

in transitional epithelium where organ must be able to change shape. Urinary system.

• Simple: allows diffusion of gases, filtration of blood, secretion, absorption.
• Stratified: protection, particularly against abrasion.
• Squamous: allows diffusion or acts as filter.
• Cuboidal and columnar: secretioin or absorption. May include goblet cells that produce and secrete mucus. 

• One [single] layer of cells. Each extends from basement membrane to the free surface. 
• Allows diffusion of gases, filtration of blood, secretion, absorption.

• More than one layer. It's the top layer that matters. More layers means more protection.
• Protection, particularly against abrasion.

• Flat, scale-like. Single layer.
• Allows diffusion or acts as filter.

• Cuboidal is about equal in height and width. Columnar is taller than wide. 
• Secretion or absorption. May include goblet cells  that produce and secrete mucus.

• Found on lateral and basal surfaces of cells.
• Functions: Form permeability later. Blind cells together. Provide mechanism for intercellular (between) communication.
• Types: Desmosomes, tight junctions, & gap junctions.

Holds neighboring cells together. No cell to cell communication.

Half of a desmosome; attach epithelial cells to basement membrane. 

Holds neighboring cells together. No cell to cell communication.

Allows cell to cell communication. Protein channels aid intercellular communication between [found] in the cardiac and smooth muscle. Protein found is connexins.

Secrete a hollow organ surface of the skin onward into a duct.

Secrete into bloodstream. No open contact with exterior.

Only the product is being released from the gland.

Part of the cell is also being released along with the product.

The entire cell is being released with the product.

• Blast: create [produce] the matrix.
• Cytes: maintain the matrix.
• Clasts: break [destructive] the matrix down.
• Adiposecyte: Fat cells. 
• Mast cell: produce histamine and heparin.

Can be found anywhere.

Under the skin. Mammary glands. Breast. Yellow (white). Brown.

Found in the spleen and nymph nodes.

• Tendons: muscle to bone.
• Ligaments: bone to bone.

Found in a layer of skin known as dermis.

Found in the vocal cords.

Found in the Aorta.

• Hyaline cartilage: most common type. Once a Hylaine Cartilage in a the fetus stage. 
• Fibrocartilage: Most abundant collagen fibers. 
• Elastic cartilage: located in the external ear.

All contain chondrocyte in a lacunae.

Most common type. Once a Hyaline Cartilage in a fetus stage. Articulation - the end of the long bones.

Most abundant collagen fibers. Between the body of each vertebrae.

Lost in the external ear.

• Chondronectin: found in cartilages.
• Osteonectin: in bone. 
• Fibronectin: in fibrous connective tissue.

• Collagen: Most common protein in body; strong, flexible, inelastic (made by fibroblasts). 
• Reticular: Fill spaces between tissues and organs. Fine collagenous, form branching networks. 
• Elastic: returns to its original shape after distension or compression.

• Spongy bone (trabecular) 
• Compact bone

Red cells. Produce oxygen and carbon dioxide.

White cells. Produce immunity.

Platelets. Formation of clot.

• Location: attached bones.
• Cell Shape: cylindrical.
• Nucleus: multinucleated & peripherally located.
• Striations: Yes.
• Function: Voluntary (moves the body) & Involuntary (knee jerk).

• Location: In the heart. 
• Cell Shape: branch.
• Nucleus: Single & centrally located. 
• Striations: Yes.
• Control: Involuntary (unconscious).
• Ability to Contract Spontaneously: Yes. 
• Function: Provides the major force for moving blood through the blood vessels. 
• Special Features: Branching fibers, intercalated disks, containing gap junction joining the cells to each other.

• Location: hollow organs.
• Cell Shape: spingle-shape cells.
• Nucleus: single; centrally located. 
• Striations: No.
• Control: involuntary (unconscious).
• Function: moves food through the digestive tract, empties the urinary bladder. regulated blood vessel diameter, changes pupil size, contracts many gland ducts, moves hair, performs many other functions.
• Special Features: Gap junctions.

• Soma (cell body): nucleus, mitochandria, rough ER. 
• Axon: sends impulse away from cell body.
• Dendrite: relay information to the cell body.

• Mutipolar: neuron.
• Bipolar: two poles.
• Unipolar: one pole [one structure] that leaves the cell body.

• Rubor: redness
• Calor: heat
• Tumor: swelling
• Dolar: pain
• Functio laesa: disturbed function

• line freely movable joints
• produce fluid rich in hyaluronic acid

• Labile: capable of mitosis through life. ie) skin, mucous membranes, hemopoeitic tissue, lymphatic tissue.
• Stable: no mitosis after birth only when triggered. No mitosis after growth ends, but can divide after injury. ie) liver, pancreas, endocrine cells.
• Permanent: no mitosis for nervous, skeletal, and cardiac muscle. If killed, replaced by a different type of cell. Limited regenerative ability.