Kin 152-Exam 1

the capacity to perform work.

when work increases, the more the amount of energy increases to make change

mechanical, light, and chemical, heat, nuclear, electrical

its essential for movement

• energy is neither created or destroyed, its transferred
• ex. water wheel, exercise

• "Entropy" 
• all energy transfers are moving towards greater levels of disorder. it always wants to move towards degradation (like even an unused batter)
• ex. chemical rxns

• 1st-the body doesn't product/consume energy, it transfers it from one state to the other
• 2nd-potential energy has the tendency to be reduced when it transfers to kinetic energy (entropy)

potential- the amount of energy something holds before it is used. ex. a stick of dynamite just sitting 

kinetic- the release, when energy is put into motion. ex. that dynamite stick exploding

when potential energy moves from one substance to another, to add to the other substances potential energy

the energy required to make a system or reaction 

it determines the potential energy

ex. ATP -> ADP+Pi+Energy (can also go backward) energy release for muscle contraction

this rxn releases energy, leaving less in the product than in the reactant

when coupled, it is transferring its released energy to the endergonic rxn

• -the amount of change
• -the product has less free energy 
• -the product has more free energy

• stores/absorbs free energy 
• this rxn proceeds because its product contains more energy than the reactant

When exergonic and endergonic rxns link together to allow rxns to move backwards and forwards

its purpose is "conservation energy principle", allows chemical energy in macronutrients we eat to be transferred into other energy forms instead of just dissipating

Energy extracted from the metabolism (food) is transferred and trapped within ATP. Then ATP transfers energy from itself to whatever metabolic process needs it (ex, muscle contraction)

Energy from the metabolism goes into ATP slower than ATP can go into the biological system (muscle contraction)

We balance the input vs output of the metabolism and muscle contractions

-give the metabolism more time to transfer energy to ATP

Catabolism-Anabolism interactions

• Anabolism is an endergonic rxn, so its taking the macronutrients apart and handing the energy off to ATP. 
• ATP hands off the energy to the biological system via exergonic rxns

• Phosphagen- less enzymes. kicks in fastest, but lasts shorter time 
• Glycolitic- moderate enzymes. lasts a little longer and fast
• oxidative- most amount of enzymes to cross, but lasts longest at peak production

YOU USE ALL 3 AT START OF EXERCISE

Phosphagen system

• -the number of enzymes in its path
• -enzyme activity (changeable) 
• -ability to use O2 (changeable)

• CHO- produces fast ATP (anaerobic) 
• FAT- produces slow ATP

• ATP-CP system 
• 1 enzyme
• ~ 3 to 8 seconds, then it needs help from other systems to keep biological functions going

-uses creatine phosphate

• 1) ADP + Pi + energy --> ATP (reversible)
• -  produces high energy/anaerobic source of phosphate bond energy 

• 2) CP + ADP --> ATP + Cr + Energy (reversible, this energy is used to help ADP and Pi create even more ATP)
• This is important because cells can carry more PCr than ATP. So you can produce ATP more rapidly.

• 3) ADP+ADP --> ATP+AMP
• ADP and AMP byproducts trigger oxidative and glycolitic systems

To phosphorylate ADP in order to make ATP to be used for biological systems

The adenylate kinase (2 ADP->ATP+AMP) and creatine kinase (CP+ADP->ATP+Cr) produce ADP, AMP and Pi as their byproducts. 

• ADP triggers the uptake of oxygen in the mitochondria 
• AMP triggers the breakdown of glycogen

• Emden-Meyerhof pathway
• It is when CHO catabolizes and breaks down to either lactate or pyruvate. Initially, glucose breaks itself down into two pyruvates, which either
• 1) create a product of lactate (which is rapid, limited, and anaerobic)
• or
• 2) creates a product of pyruvate, which will continue to be catabolized by CHO to produce ATP (slow, more atp, and aerobic)

Overall, the process of glucose turning into lactate or pyruvate is an anaerobic process

1) ATP breaks down so that it can donate a Pi. It phosphorylates the glucose into glucose 6-phosphate and produces ADP. 

2) DHAP breaks down to G-3P. G-3P turns into pyruvate when it interacts with ADP.

3) When the ADP pick up P from the G-3P, it produces ATP!

1 glucose produces 2 ATP, also 2 NADH 

5% of total glycolytic energy. small energy production

PFK, is an allosteric enzyme that regulates the production by either speeding it up or inhibiting it via interactions with phosphagen. 

When ATP/H ions are high in the cell, PFK says "okay thats enough"

When AMP/ADH are high in the cell, PFK sats "lets act to make more ATP"

glycolysis forms lactate. Lactate forms when NADH temporarily joins with pyruvate. It oxidizes NADH to drop off its hydrogens, so that NAD can then go back into the system to react with glycogen again to keep glycolysis going. 

lactate is very good!

1 pyruvate with 2 hydrogen

• NO!
• There is not enough H+ to cause lactate to exist as an acid. Lactate production actually absorbs H+, so it causes an increase in the PH, reducing acidosis.

pK is how acidic a substance is. lactate can't be an acid because its pK is only 3.9, its not acidic enough

the more you are able to turnover lactate to be ready for oxidation, the longer you will be able to perform