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The final common Pathway (FCP)
a LMN system. The last link in the events that leads to movements. It stimulates muscle contraction and movement.
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Indirect activation pathway (IAP)
- meditates subconscious, automatic muscle activities including posture, muscle tone and movement that support and accompany voluntary movement.
- -corticobulbar and corticoreticular tracts
- -relay messages to UMN, indirect motor system and extrapyrimidal system
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Direct Activation Pathway (DAP)
- influences consciously controlled, skilled voluntary movements. Sends messages through the corticobulbar and the corticospinal tract.
- -relays messages to UMN, direct motor system and pyramidal tract
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CN V: Sensory
Face forehead nose mouth
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CN V Motor
Muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior belly digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini
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CN V damage
- LMN lesions lead to paresis, paralysis and atrophy of muscles of mastication
- -unilateral damage do not have major effects
- -bilateral lesions cause jaw to hang open, difficulty moving it, difficulty articulating
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Facial cranial nerve VII: Motor
Facial expressions and the stapedius muscle
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Facial cranial nerve VII:sensory
innervate glands, taste receptors on the anterior 2/3 of tongue, and nasopharynx
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Facial cranial nerve VII:LMN lesions
Paralyze muscles on the ipsilateral side of face, atrophy occurs resulting in facial asymmetry, they affect all voluntary, emotional and reflex movements of face
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Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
- Motor: stylopharyngeous and upper constrictor muscles of the pharynx
- Sensory: pharynx tongue Eustachian tube
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Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Lesions
reduced pharyngeal sensation, a decrease in gag reflex, and reduced pharyngeal elevation during swallowing.
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Vagus X
- Motor: soft palate, pharynx and larynx
- Sensory: transmits info from the above structures
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Vagus X lesions
- cause weakness to soft palate, pharynx, larynx, and palatoglossus
- -unilateral damage can affect resonance, voice quality and swallowing but usually affect phonation more prominently.
- -bilateral LMN lesions: all the same plus articulation precision
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Accessory nerve XI
- Motor: Uvula, levator veli palatini, and intrinsic laryngeal muscles. Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
- lesions: hard to move neck or shoulders
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Hypoglossal nerve XII
- Motor: all tongue muscle but one
- sensory: sends taste and tactile info important for chewing and swallowing
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nerve XII lesions
atrophy, weakness and fasciculations of the tongue on the side of lesion
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Spinal nerves
contribute to respiration
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Basal Ganglia control circuit Function:(5)
- 1. Posture and tone regulation
- 2. Start intended movements and inhibit unwanted movements
- 3. set switching
- 4. Movement selection and learning
- 5.Cognitive, affective and motor control functions
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Basal ganglia control circuit: lesions
- reduced mobility (hypokinesia)
- involuntary movements (hyperkinesia)
- produce more porfound MSDs
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Basal ganglia control circuit: Speech sensation
- sensory knowledge of where the articulators are positioned and where they need to go
- incorporate thalamus and sensory info with movement control
- -these help to make reliable acoustic signals
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Basal ganglia control circuit: reflexes, learning and automaticity of movements for speech
big effect on planning and programming, IAP interruption
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Cerebral control circuit influences:
basal ganglia plus cerebellum involved in speech control. they provide input to cortical areas involved in planning and programming
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limbic system
regulating memory and learning, drive and motivation, emotion for speech-programs part of the content
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reticular formation and thalamic influences on speech
activates the FCP, and the IAP and DAP
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