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Define Sociology
The scientific study of how individuals influence groups, groups influence individuals, and groups influence other groups. Scientific study of society, focuses on groups.
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What are the 3 theories?
Structural-functional, conflict, and symbolic interaction.
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Common sense
what most people in a particular group and in a particular time and place believe to be true or the way it is.
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What are Peter berger's Three Motifs
Debunking, unrespectability, and relativising.
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Debunking
unmasking, looking beneath. Trying to anticipate the unforeseen, that which is not intended. Manifest and Latent functions
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Manifest function
the intended, conscious and widely recognized consequences of particular social patterns.
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Manifest function Example
writing laws to make gambling illegal is meant to stop gambling
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Latent functions
the unconscious, unforeseen consequences of human behavior. Unintended
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Latent function example
High school attendance policy decreases drop out rates
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Unrespectability
Sociologists must study social phenomena to gain knowledge even if it is not popular or respected.
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Unresprctability example
Tearoom trade, prostitution
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Relativising
Viewing or understanding other cultures or groups from their point of view, values, beliefs, and not one's own.
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Relativising example
Grandparents, parents to kids
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What are the 4 things defining a Theory/ Structural-Functional Theory?
- 1. Society is an integrated whole/ a system.
- 2. All elements of a society contribute to its well-being and survival.
- 3. A society tends to remain in equilibrium to maintain stability.
- 4. A society rests on the consensus(general agreement) of its members.
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What does Structural-Functional theory place emphasis on?
emphasis on Stability and integration
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What are the 4 things defining conflict theory?
- 1. A society experiences inconsistency and conflict at every moment; conflict is present everywhere
- 2. A society experiences change at every moment; social change is present everywhere.
- 3. Elements within a society contribute to its change.
- 4. Society rests on the constraint of some of its members by others.
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What does conflict theory place emphasis on?
emphasis on change and conflict
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Status Quo
harmonizes institutions
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Who's the founder of sociology?
Auguste Comte
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Who first used the word sociology and argues for a science of society?
Auguste Comte
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He emphasized the nature of the human system as both structure and process
Auguste Comte
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Social Statics
Defined as structure in society by Auguste Comte
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Social Dynamics
Defined as a process and change in society by Auguste Comte
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English Social Philosopher and Biologist.
Herbert Spencer
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"survival of the fittest"
Herbert Spencer
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He viewed society as an organism
Herbert Spencer
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Developed theory of social evolution
Herbert Spencer
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French Sociologist- 1st to teach sociology
Emile Durkheim
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He dealt with the problem of social order, which is governed by symbols - ideas, values beliefs, and norms.
Emile Durkheim
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Complex social relationships are also governed by negotiations between parties.
Emile Durkheim
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He was first to test his theories about society with systematic data collection and statistical analysis.
Emile Durkheim
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Used the scientific method
Emile Durkheim
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Society is held together by power no so much by consensus(general agreement)
Karl Marx
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Power came from property
Karl Marx
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Placed emphasis on economic factors
Karl Marx
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Existing social patterns and institutions rise through consolidation of groups of people with similar economic interests and experiences.
Karl Marx
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He accepted revolutionary change. He thought social change would come about only by a class struggle; thus solving social problems.
Karl Marx
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Interested in what united people into groups, the basic units of society.
Max Weber
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Argued that economics, politics, and culture are the social forces that divide and stratify people into groups and link one group to another.
Max Weber
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Developed major theories on stratification and bureaucracy.
Max Weber
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Verstehen
Understanding from the perspective of others. Weber
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Ideal Type
Max Weber Generic pure model type that everything is based off of.ex. dogs
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Steps of scientific theory
- 1. Select topic
- 2. Define the problem
- 3. Research
- 4. Hypothesis
- 5. Choose research method
- 6. Collect data
- 7. Interpret
- 8. Conclusion
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Hawthorne effect
Felling of researcher being present
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A set of shared symbols and their definitoins
culture
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Guidelines for behaviours
Norms
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What are the norms that define the right and wrong behaviors, vital to welfare of the groups and supported by its dominant values or principles.
Mores
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What are Strong Negative Sanctions?
Slow to change norms, remove someone from the group, capital punishment, disownment.
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What are Folkways?
Norms that are accepted ways of engaging in behavior
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What are Fads and Fashion?
Highly changing patterns of behavior, seasonal
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What are Laws?
written rules enforced by special authority.
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What are Techniqueways?
Skills or processes of a society
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What are Values?
Beliefs that are socially shared ideas about what is good, right, desirable or worthwhile in life
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5 important functions of language
- 1. Overcomes the limitations of time and space
- 2. permits to go beyond their senses
- 3. permits think and reason
- 4. accumulate and store knowledge
- 5. transmit culture
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What are Sanctions, positive and negative?
A system of rewards and punishments for following or breaking the norms. Positive are rewards, negative are punishments
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Formal Sanctions?
norms or rules set by a formal group, such as universities
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Informal Sanctions?
informal groups placing through daily activities
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Formal positive sanctions?
Degree awards after receiving good grades for 4 years
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Informal positive sanction?
you graduate and someone throws you a party
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Formal negative sanction?
Violate law, go to jail as punishment.
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Informal negative sanction?
getting grounded by your parents fro breaking the law
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Variable
Concept divisible into 2 or more categories
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Dichotomous variable
only 2 categories. Sex: male or female
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Multivalued variable
more than 2 values
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Dependent variable
prime interest, whose variations are to be explained in the research. Influenced by some other variable, or crucial variable.
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Independent Variable
Influences the variables
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Cause, influencer, explains, time order X
Independent var
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effect, influenced, explained, y
dependent variable
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Spurious relationship
A false relationship, correlation graphs aren't always one thing leading to the second one.
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Operational definition
how a variable will me measured in the real world
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