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Archicebus achilles
- small monkey first appearing 55MM
- evidence of opposable thumbs, finger nails, and flat face
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Sahelanthropus Tchadensis
- 7mm years ago
- first evidence of bipedal due to forward position of foramen magnum
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Orrorin Tugenensis
- bone fragments 5.8 MM to 6.1 MM years
- evidence of bipedalism due to femur
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What were the two bidpedal hominid species
- Sahelanthropus Tchandensis - forward facing foramen magnum
- Orrorin Tugenensis - femur
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Arditpithecus ramidus "Ardi"
- 44 MM BP
- lived in both the tree and ground
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Australopithecines
expanded brain size 25%. Hands were well developed for tool making, thus was the first of the hominids for hunting and gathering
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What type of hominid species was Lucy?
Austrolopithicus
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Australopithecus Sediba
- 1.95 - 1.78 MM
- the oldest predecessor before modern day humans and is referred to as the most "human like" species
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Homo Habilus
the earliest human ancestor that is capable of speech, with aa brain size that is 30 - 40% larger than A. Africanus
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Homo Erectus
- highly sophisticated motor skills, including fire usage 1MM yr. ago
- first used of the hand ax
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What makes Neanderthals a separate species from Homo sapien (AKA modern day humans)
- They did not have a dominant chin
- they had thicker and larger craniums with wider brow ridges
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Two types of dating methods
- absolute -
- dendrochronology, carbon - 14, archaemagnetism
- relative dating -
- relies on dating by referring to other dated objects ex) fossils
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What is Brian's Arthur's reason for subsystems
- to overcome limitation, and simplify a growing complex world.
- ex) machines, bureaucracies
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