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Determining reservoir bag size
60 mL/kg
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If a reservoir bag is too small a patient...
- Cant inflate lungs enough
- Over inflates during expiration and increases thoracic pressures
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If a reservoir bag is to big a patient...
- Difficult to breathe
- Difficult to see breaths
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How to determine ET tube size
Measure from most rostral aspect of the mouth to the thoracic inlet
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What is the risks if ET tube is too long?
- Only one lung will be infused with oxygen and anesthetic gas
- Mechanical dead space will be increased leading to hypoxemia
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Parts of the compressed gas supply
- Compressed gas cylinder
- Tank pressure gauge
- Pressure-reducing valve
- Line pressure gauge
- Flow meters
- Oxygen flush valve
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Parts of the anesthetic vaporizer
- Vaporizer inlet port
- Vaporizer outlet port and common gas outlet
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Parts of the breathing circuit (rebreathing R or non-rebreathing NR)
- Fresh gas inlet ( R and NR)
- Unidirectional valves (R)
- Pop-off valve (R and NR)
- Reservoir bag (R and NR)
- Carbon dioxide absorber canister (R)
- Pressure manometer (R)
- Air intake valve (R)
- Breathing tubes (R)
- Y-piece (R)
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Parts of the scavenging system
- Discharge hose (passive or active system)
- Pressure regulator (active system)
- Outflow pipe (Passive and active system)
- Pump (active system)
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Check both ___ and ___ oxygen supplies at the beginning of the day to be sure they are turned on
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When handling compressed gas cylinders:
- Avoid contact with flames, sparks or sources of ignition
- Turn tank on only when its attached to a yoke or pressure regulator
- Store tanks only attached to a yoke secured in a cart of chained to the wall
- Never attempt to attach a tank to a yoke that doesnt fit and never tamper with the safety on a tank
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Volume in L of oxygen present in a compressed gas cylinder can be calculated by..
Multiplying the pressure in an E tank by 0.3 or by multiplying the pressure in an H tank by 3
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When turning off a flow meter turn ___ just until the ball or rotor drops to ____
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Helps explain why a change in vaporizer setting takes time t be reflected in the circuit and gives the anesthetist a rough idea as to how long a change in anesthetic concentration will occur
Time constant
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To calculate the time constant..
Divide total volume of the breathing circuit in L by the carrier gas flow rate in L/min
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When the vaporizer setting is changed it takes __ times the constants to effect a __ change in the circuit concentration
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Vaporizers must be checked before each procedure to make sure the liquid anesthetic level is between the ___ and ___ lines of the window. Should be kept at least ___ at all times
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What to do if a bottle of liquid inhalant anesthetic breaks?
Vacate the room ASAP and allow room to air out until anesthetic agent is completely evaporated and evacuated from the room
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After use of the non-rebreathing circuit the connector of the rebreathing circuit must be reattached to outlet port before next patient, failure to do so can result in...
- Inability to keep patient anesthetized
- Exposure of personnel to anesthetic gas
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When manual ventilation is provided the __ must be close before the bag is pressed. Between each breath the pop-off valve must be ___ again to allow the escape of gas.
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During any procedure the reservoir bag must be __ full at peak expiration
3/4
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Signs that CO2 granules must be changed
- Hard brittle
- Slightly off white color
- Color change of 1/2-1/3
- CO2 level grater than 0 during peak inspiration as measured with a capnograph
- Always change after 6-8 hours of use
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Maximum safe pressure manometer readings when chest is closed
- 0-2 cm H20 when patient breathing spontaneously
- 20 cm H20 in small animals when PPV provided
- 40 cm H20 in large animals when PPV provided
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Small animal tubes are used on small anesthetic machine for patients over ___ and pediatric tubes for patients weighing __ to reduce mechanical dead space
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Choice of machine, reservoir bag, breathing tubes, oxygen flow rate, and breathing circuit type are all based on patients...
Weight
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When the oxygen tank is half full the tank pressure gauge will read
1,100 psi
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Nitrous oxide is present in the tank as a...
Liquid and a gas
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Amount of oxygen an animal is receiving is indicated by
Flow meter
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Flow meters that have a ball for reading the gauge should be read from the ___ of the ball
Middle
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Most commonly recommended ratio for nitrous oxide and oxygen flow rates is
33% oxygen and 67% nitrous oxide
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Minimum size for the reservoir bag can be calculated as
60 mL/kg
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Flutter valves on an anesthetic machine help...
Control the direction of movement of gases
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Pop-off valve is part of the anesthetic machine and helps...
Prevent excess gas pressure from building up within the breathing circuit
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In small animal anesthesia when the patient is bagged the pressure manometer reading should not exceed
20 cm H20
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Rebreathing is determined by...
Fresh gas flow
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Non-rebreathing systems should have maintenance flow rates that are
Very high at least 200 mL/kg/min
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Negative pressure relief valve is important when..
There is a failure of oxygen flow through the system
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Tidal volume of an anesthetized animal is considered to be..
10 mL/kg of body weight
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Scavenging system is generally attached to..
Pop-off valve
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Reservoir bag that is not moving well may indicate that...
ET tube is not in trachea, animal has decreased tidal volume, and leak around ET tube
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Increase in depth of anesthesia can be achieved quickly by...
Having high oxygen flow rates and high vaporizer settings
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Concentration of anesthetic delivered from a nonprecision vaporizer may depend on...
Temperature of liquid anesthetic, flow of carrier gas through the vaporizer, back pressure and type of anesthetic in the vaporizer
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When an anesthetic machine is operating correctly, the pressures in the machine are...
40-50 psi between the pressure-reducing valve and the flow meters, 15 psi between the flow meters and the breathing circuit, and 15 psi entering a VOC vaporizer
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