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What does Anatomy study?
Internal and external structures
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What is the study of Physiology study?
- Function
- (There is always a link between structure and function)
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What defines function? What defines specific functions?
- Structure
- Specific structure
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What is the function of the nasal cavity?
filters, warms, humidifies air
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What is the purpose of the ventricular septum?
Seperates deoxygeniated blood from oxygeniated blood
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The link between structure and function is always present.
A change in structure will result in a change in what?
A change of function.
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Each organ within each organ system relies on the proper functioning of what?
Cells and tissue of which it is made.
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On the microscopic level what are we looking at?
cystology and histology
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On the macroscopic or gross level what are we looking at?
surface, regional and systemic
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What are the simpliest forms of organization?
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ system
- Organism
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Defne the Chemical level?
- Simpliest level of structural organization
- atoms: H,C,O,N
- Molecules, compounds and proteins, Carbs.
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Define cellular?
A cell is smallest units of living things
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Define tissue?
- Groups of similar cells that have a common function
- (part of an organ)
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Define organ? Give examples
- structure composed of two or more tissue types acting as a unit to perform a specific function.
- Heart, brain
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Define organ system? Give examples
- Two or more organs working closely together to accomplish a common purpose.
- Digestive, cardiovascular
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Define organism?
All organ systems working together to promote life
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Give examples of how each level of organization is totally dependent on the others?
- Adjacent muscle cells of cardiac tissue must contract to produce a heart beat so the heart can
- push blood through the cardiovascular system
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What factors will have an effect on the organ system/organism/all components?
- A change in chemistry of the cell, damage to a tissue, an abnormality in an organ
- structure.
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Define Homeostasis?
- Dynamic state of equilibrium, or balance, in which the
- internal conditions vary, but always within relatively narrow limits.
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What does a failure to maintain Homeostasis constitute?
Death and disorders
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What are the conditions/variable (factors) controlled by homeostasis?
- levels of gases in blood, body temperature, blood pressure,
- heart rate, pH of blood, blood glucose, fluid volume;
- pH of digestive system; calcium in blood
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The concept of homeostasis is the major foundation for what field?
Medical diagnosis (blood work)
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What is the ph of the blood?
7.35-7.45
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How does the body communicate?
The body communicates through the nervous and endocrine (hormonal) control systems
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Name the 3 components of homeostatic control?
- Receptor
- Control center
- Effector
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What is the function of the Receptor?
- •Responds to changes
- in the environment (stimuli)
- •Sends information to
- control center
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What is the function of the Control Center?
- •Determines set point
- •Analyzes information
- •Determines
- appropriate response
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What is the function of the Effector?
- •Provides a means for
- response to the stimulus
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What is the function of Negative feedback?
- •Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
- •Controls all variables that require frequent monitoring and adjustment
- •Prevents sudden and severe changes within the body
- (Deviation from the normal range is made smaller)
- (Works like a household thermostat)
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What is the function of Positive feedback? What are the two exception in the body?
- •Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther – exaggerates or enhances
- •DO NOT promote well being
- Blood clotting
- Birth of a baby
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Explain homeostatsis of blood clotting? What is it a function of?
- (A positive feedback system)
- Vessel damage (cut).
- Platelets swell, develop spikes and cling to injured site and release chemicals
- that attract more platelets
- This pile up of platelets finally forms a clot
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Define labor as a function of the positive feedback system?
- The hormone oxytocin enhances muscular
- contractions of the pregnant uterus (controlled condition)
- When labor begins, the uterus is stretched (stimulus) and nerve cells send nerve impulses (input) to
- the brain (control center). The brain responds causing the release of more oxytocin
- (output).Oxytocin stimulates the muscles of the uterus to contract even more Further
- stretching occurs as the baby’s head moves down the birth canal
- The cycle is broken by the birth of the baby which decreases uterine stretching and
- ends the release of oxytocin
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Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding. What are exact
terms are used for?
- Position
- Direction
- Regions
- Structures
- (always from the anatomical position)
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Define the orientation and directional term, Superior?
- Toward the head end or upper part of the structure or the body above.
- (the forehead is superior to the nose)
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Define the orientation and direction term, Inferior?
- Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below.
- (the navel is inferior to the breastbone)
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Define the orientation and directional term, Anterior?
- Ventral.
- Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
- (the breast bone is anterior to the spine)
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Define the orientation and directional term, posterior?
- Dorsal
- Toward or at the backside of the body; behind
- (the heart is posterior to the breast bone)
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Define the orientation and directional term, medial?
- Toward or at the midline of the body; at the innner side of
- (the heart is medial to the arm)
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Define the orietation the directional term, Lateral?
- Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
- (the arms are lateral to the chest)
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Define the orientation and directional term, Intermediate?
- Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
- (the armpit is intermediate between the breastbone and the shoulder)
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Define the orientation and directional term, Proximal?
- Close to the origin of the body part of point of attachment of a limb to the trunk of the body
- (the elbow is proximal to the wrist)
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Define the orientation and directional term, Distal?
- Farthur from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
- (the knee is distal to the thigh)
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Define the orientation and directional term, Superficial?
- Toward or at the body surface
- (the skin is superficial to the skeleton)
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Define the orientation and directional term, Deep?
- Away from the body surface; more internal
- (the lungs are deep to the ribcage)
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Define and name the planes of section?
- Imaginary lines of sections or cuts.
- Median (midsagittal)
- Frontal (coronal plane)
- Transverse plane
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Organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems are housed in what?
The ventral body cavity.
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What seperates the ventral body cavity? Name the parts of this system?
- The diaphragm
- –Thoracic
- –Abdominopelvic
- •Abdominal
- •Pelvic
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The ventral body cavity is protected and lubricated by a two-layer membrane system called what?
Serous membranes
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What is another name for the ventral body cavitiy? What is it's function?
- Coelom
- Provides protection
- Allows organ movement
- Lining prevents friction
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Name the two sections divided by the diaphragm?
- Thoracic cavity
- Abdominopelvic cavity
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Name the cavities the Thoracic cavity is subdivided into? What do they house?
- Right plueral cavity; surrounds right lung
- Mediastinum; contains the trachea, esophagus and major vessles. Also contains the Pericardial cavity; surrounds the heart
- Left plueral cavity; surrounds the left lung
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The abdominopelvic cavity contains what cavity and is further subdivided into what cavities? What do they house?
- The peritoneal cavity includes the;
- Abdomianl cavity; contains digestive glands and organs
- Pelvic cavity; contains urniary bladder, reproductive organs, the last portion of the digestive tract
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Epithelia and connective tissues combine what?
Membranes
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Name the four membranes?
- Mucous
- Serous
- Cutaneous
- Synovial
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Describe the mucous membrane?
Line passageways that communicate with exterior
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Describe the serous membrane?
- Line ventral body cavities (pleural, peritoneum, pericardium)
- transparent, thin, prevents friction
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What is the cutaneous membrane/
Skin
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What is the Synovial membrane?
Joints (articulations)
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Describe the Serous membrane. What is the function of the Serous membrane?
- Thin, transparent -simple squamous epithelium + areolar
- Attached to body wall & organs they cover – ventral body cavity
- Minimize friction
- Lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body
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Name the three serous memebranes?
- Plueral
- Peritoneum
- Pericardium
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