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What is child development?
Changes that take place from conception through adolescence
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What is Nature?
- Nativism
- Heredity
- Maturation
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Nurture
- Environmentalist
- Blank Slate
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Domains of Human Development
- Biosocial
- Cognitive
- Psychosocial
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4 major themes in child development
- Nature and nurture
- Role of neuroscience
- Diversity & multiculturalism
- Positive development & resilience
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5 Major theories in child development
- Psychoanalytic
- Behavioral and social learning
- Cognitive
- Biological
- Systems
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What do psychoanalytic theories focus on?
Structure of personality and how conscious and unconscious thoughts influence behavior and development
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2 psychoanalytic theorists
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Freud's theory
- Id: primitive instincts, completely unconscious
- Ego: rational thought
- Superego: ethics, morals, conscience
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Freud's 5 stages of psychosexual development
- Oral 0-1
- Anal 1-3
- Phallic 3-6
- Latency 6-11
- Genital 11-adulthood
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Erikson's theory
Psychosocial theory: focused more on healthy child development
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Erikson's 8 stages of psychosocial development
- Trust - mistrust: feeding (0-1)
- Autonomy - shame & doubt: toilet training (1-3)
- Initiative - guilt: exploration (3-6)
- Industry - inferiority: school (6-11)
- Identity - identity confusion: social relationships (adolescence)
- Intimacy - isolation: relationships
- Generativity - stagnation: work & parenthood
- Integrity - despair: reflection on life
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What do behavioral theories focus on?
- Observable conditions and behaviors
- Development comes from learning
- Importance of environment
- Measurable
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Pavlov's theory
Classical conditioning with dogs
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Watson's theory
Little Albert experiment (conditioning)
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Skinner's theory
Operant conditioning: learning comes from reinforcement and punishment
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Bandura's theory
- Social learning theory: children learn by observing and imitating
- Bobo doll
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What do cognitive theories focus on?
Focus on how children adjust their own understanding as they explore the world; how their thinking impacts their actions
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Piaget's theory
- Sensorimotor (0-2) Object permanence, symbols
- Preoperational (2-6) Egocentrism, symbolic thought (language, no logic)
- Concrete operational (6-11) apply logic conservation
- Formal operational (12+) abstract, hypothetical
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Vygotsky's theory
Sociocultural theory: language is powerful tool
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What is information processing?
How children perceive, store, and retrieve information
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What do biological theories/ ethology focus on?
Adaptive and survival value of behaviors
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Lorenz's theory
Imprinting: critical period begins last trimester
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Bronfenbrenner's theory
- Importance of culture and changing social environments
- 3 components: Person, context of behavior, processes of change
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3 research designs
- Descriptive
- Correlational
- Experimental
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What is descriptive research?
Attempt to describe behavior with observations, questionnaires, case studies...
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What is correlational research?
Attempt to determine the strength of a relationship between two behaviors
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What is experimental research?
- Experimental group: receives treatment
- Control group: no treatment
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What is a Genotype?
Genetic potential that a person in herits
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What is a Phenotype?
A person's observable characteristics and behavior
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What are Gametes?
Egg and sperm
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What are Genes?
Basic units of heredity
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What are Chromosomes?
Larger units of genes
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What are Alleles?
Different forms of a gene
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What is the Human genome?
Entire set of genes
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What is Mitosis?
- Genetic material within the cell duplicates itself to make 2 identical copies
- Copy division
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What is Meiosis?
- One chromosome from each pair is randomly selected for each egg and sperm
- Results in 23 single chromosomes
- Reduction division
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What are Automsomes?
- 22 of the paired chromosomes are similar
- Not a sex chromosome
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What is a Karyotype?
Pictorial representation of an individual's chromosomes
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What are Monozygotic twins (MZ)?
- Identical twins
- 1 zygote divides
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What are Dizygotic twins (DZ)?
- Fraternal twins
- 2 eggs fertilized by 2 different sperm
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What are Half-identical twins?
1 egg divides and is fertilized by 2 differed sperm
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What is Homozygous?
2 alleles of a gene are identical
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What is Heterozygous?
2 alleles of a gene are different
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What is Polygenic?
Traits determined by more than one gene
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What are Dominant-recessive relationships?
2 recessive alleles
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What are Dominant gene diseases?
Only 1 dominant allele
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What are Recessive gene diseases?
2 recessive alleles
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What are Mutations?
Changes in genetic material
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3 Gene disorders
- Huntington's disease: dominant gene.
- Sickle cell anemia and PKU: 2 recessive alleles.
- Fragile X syndrome: associated with genes on the twenty-third pair of chromosomes.
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What is a Chromosome disorder/ abnormality?
Down's syndrome or Trisomy 21, an extra 21st chromosome
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2 Sex chromosome abnormalities
- Klinefelter syndrome: extra X chromosome
- Turner syndrome: missing X chromosome
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4 theoretical models of genes and environment working together
- Range of reaction
- Canalization
- Genetic-environment correlation
- Epigenesis
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Theorist of Range of Reaction
Gottesman
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Theorist of Canalization
Waddington
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Theorist of Genetic-environmental correlation
Plomin
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Theorist of Epigenesis
Gottlieb
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What is the Gene-environment correlation Theory?
Genes and environments aren't independent from one another
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What is the Epigenesis Theory?
Behavioral outcome depends on genes that must be activated by life experiences
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How is heritability estimated?
- Twin studies
- Adoption studies
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3 stages of prenatal development
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Age in Germinal stage
0-2 weeks
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Age in Embryonic stage
2-8 weeks
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Age in Fetal stage
9-40 weeks
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What happens during Germinal stage?
- Zygote travels from fallopian tube to uterus
- Differentiation into two layers- trophoblast & blastocyst
- Zygot implants in uterine wall
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What is Trophoblast?
Outer layer becomes placenta, amniotic sack, and umbilical cord
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What is Blastocyst?
Inner layer becomes fetus
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What happens during Embryonic stage?
- Blastocyst becomes ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
- Embryo folds over
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What happens during the Fetal stage?
- Reflexes appear
- Fat develops
- Lungs mature
- Birth
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What is a teratogen?
- Substance that disrupts development and causes birth defects
- Drugs, disease, environmental exposure
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Other factors that impact fetus
- Age
- Malnutrition
- Stress
- Drugs
- Diseases
- Environmental hazards
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3 stages of birth
- Dilation: contractions
- Delivery: baby comes
- Afterbirth: placenta
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2 birth complications
- Malpresentation: may do a C section
- Fetal distress: no oxygen
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What is used to assess the baby after birth?
Apgar Scale
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3 parts of gene-environment correlation theory
- Passive
- Evocative
- Active (niche-picking)
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