Review

98.6 degrees

97.5-100.4 degrees

hyperthermia, acidosis, hypoxemia, anxiety, pain

hypothermia, alkalosis, hyperoxia, sedation, coma

• LV contractility
• Arterial resistance
• Blood volume

• high, peaked T waves
• depressed ST segments
• widening QRS complex
• bradycardia

• flat/inverted T waves
• depressed ST segments
• PVC's
• ventricular fibrillation

diuretic medications

• prolonged ST segment
• prolonged QT interval

• shortened QT interval
• wide and rounded T waves

• dehydration
• vomiting
• NG Tube drainage
• diarrhea

fluid overload

• shortened QT interval
• wide, rounded T waves

• lengthened ST segment
• lengthened QT interval

95-106 mEq/L

3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L

135 - 145 mEq/L

4.5 - 5.5 mEq/L

22 - 25 mEq/L

70-110 mg/100 mL

elevates 4-6 hours after MI.

elevates 2-4 hours after MI

seen in CHF.

13.5 - 18.0 g/100 mL

40% to 54%

4.6 - 6.2 million.mL

increased number of circulating erythrocytes

active bacterial infection is present

acute, severe bacterial infection is present

4500 - 11,000 mm3

acute viral infection

11 - 12.5 seconds

60 - 70 seconds

tachycardia, hypotension, high urine specific gravity, oliguria, low CVP, low PCWP, tenting of skin, slow capillary refill, mental confusion

tachycardia, hypertension, low urine specific gravity, increased urine output, increased CVP, increased PCWP, peripheral edema, pulmonary edema (crackles/rales)

< 10 cm Hg

post ETT/Trach intubation, post jugular/subclavian line insertion, post chest tube insertion, hemoptysis, sudden deleterious change in CP condition, suspected pulmonary infarct, suspected pneumothorax, post invasive thoracic procedure

sudden chest pain, increase in dyspnea/SOB, absent breath sounds over a lung field, tracheal deviation, shifted heart sounds,asymmetrical chest movement, hyperresonant percussion, sudden increase in peak or plateau pressure (or both), sub-Q emphysema

aspirated foreign body, laryngeal edema, laryngeal tumor, croup

tumor, hematoma, abscess, cyst, pleural effusion, aortic/bascular abnormality, trauma

imaging of head, spinal cord & surrounding structures, imagin of heart & great vessels, imaging of kidneys, liver & other organs

determining the regional metabolism of heart or brain, measuring the size of an MI, measuring the effects of treatment on a cancerous tumor, determining pulmonary perfusion or ventilation

pulmonary embolism, tumor or vascular problem, pulmonary hypertension

airway obstruction, atelectasis

visualization behind heart & hemidiaphragms, localize lesions, measure A-P diameter

visualization of heart borders, mediastinal structures, hilar structures and lung mases

visualize fluid within pleural space

visualzation of upper lung fields, apices, middle lobe & lingula

white

dark

Black area (oneumothorx) surrounding collapsed lung, no lung markings visible in air-filled space, edge of lung can be visualized, lung/structures shifted to opposite side

AWAY from pneumothorax or pleural fluid; TOWARD atelectasis or pulmonary fibrosis

seen in atelectasis & pulmonary fibrosis

pleural fluid, tension pneumothorax, FB obstruction, airway tumor

free abdominal fluid

asthma, COPD

< 50%

obscured costophrenic angle & hemidiaphragm

fluffy white infiltrates in either or both lungs, usually more extensive in LL

pneumothorax or atelectasis

normal breathing

1:2

shallow breathing

deep breathing

slow breathing

fast breathing

Inspiratory time is equal to or greater than expiratory time. Seen in FB Aspiration, postextubation laryngeal edema, croup, epiglotitis

Expiratory time is longer than normal. Seen in asthma, COPD, CF, status asthmaticus

rapid, parge breaths; usually secondary to acidosis from diabetes ketoacidosis

waning and waxing tidal volumes; associated with head injury, stroke, increased ICP, CHF

unpredictably variable with periods of apnea; associated with meningitis, head injury, brain tumor, increased ICP

indicates pneumonia

pulmonary abcess

pulmonary edema

heart disease

hypertension

toward the affected side

toward the affected side

away from the affected side

away from the affected side

pleural effusion, hemothorax, empyema, pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema, pleural thickening

pneumothorax, severe atelectasis, bronchial intubation, large pleural effusion, obese patient

pneumonia, consolidation, atelectasis, FB, tumor, spinal or thoracic deformity

continuous sounds, more commonly heard on expiration, low pitched commonly associated with secretions in airways, high pitched momphonic expiratory sounds commonly associated with closure of one large airway (?tumor), high pitched polyphonic expiratory sounds associated with closure of many small airways

more commonly heard on inspiration; discontinuous poping sounds; early inspiratory crackles are common in asthma, COPD; late inspiratory crackles are common in atelectasis, pneumonia, pulmonary edema or fibrosis

asthma, COPD

atelectasis, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, fibrosis

harsh, monophonic, high-pitched, inspiratory sound, heard over larynx; if inspiratory & expiratory, may be caused by FB

loud, grating, clicking, creaking sound most commonly heard over lower lung areas; not affected by coughing or suctioning; associated with pulmonary infarct, pneumonia, abscess or empyema

lub sound when mitral & tricuspid valves close

dub sound when pulmonary and aortic valves close

addition of S3 and/or S4 sounds; suggests CHF

pneumothorax

Good

Fair

Poor

between 38 & 42 weeks gestation: normal term infant

preterm infant

postterm infant

heartrate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex response, color

assesses newborn's level of respiratory distress: 0 = no respiratory distress and 10 = great respiratory distress

halo sign indicative of pneumothorax

pediatric emergency: dx on hx & pe: rx = intubation; 2-4 years old, sudden onset, fever, drooling, hazy subglottic neck radiograph, low-pitched stridor, difficulty swallowing, elevated WBC

cool, bland aerosol

sudden breathing difficulty, cough, inspiratory stridor

wheal > 10 mm