nce

• 1: Initial commitment
• 2: several commitments-balancing them
• 3: commitments evolve, they maybe contradictory

• Nancy Chodrow: 1st to speak out against masculine bias in 1970s
• Jean Baker Miller: "Care taking" role is central concept in differentiating development of women from men
• Judith Jordan: Presented development theory of women in 1991

• Brofenbrenner
• Micro
• Meso
• Exo
• Macro

Moral development-thinking and reasoning

• Level 1
• Stage 1: Punishment and obedience orientation exists
• Stage 2: An instrumental and hedonistic orientation prevails (obtaining rewards)

• Level 2
• Stage 3: Interpersonal acceptance prevails; maintaining good relations, approval from others
• Stage 4: Law and order orientation exists; conformity to legitimate authorities

• Level 3
• Stage 5: Social contracts and utilitarian orientation; most values and rules are relevant
• Stage 6: Self-chosen principled orientation; universal ethical principles apply

• Build modify and enhance life structure
• form and modify single components of life structure such as; life dream, occupation, love, family relationships and forming mutual relationships
• tasks to become more individuated

• Wrote: The season's of a man's life
• identified 3 major transitions/times 
• Early Adult transition: 17-22
• Midlife transition: 40-45 midlife crisis
• Late Adult Transition: 45-60

• Implies nearness or proximity
• ex: when selecting a partner it will likely be someone who lives nearby or works with you

• learned development process beginning in infancy-through adulthood
• emotionally intelligent person is self-motivated, emphatic, grasp social signals and nonverbal messages

• 1: There may not be right or wrong answers; uncertainty maybe ok
• 2: All knowledge may be relative
• 3: in an uncertain world, I'll have to make decisions

• 1: Authorities know
• 2: there are true authorities and wrong
• 3: good authorities may know but may not know everything

Developed scheme for intellectual development and ethical development

• Belief we can perform some behavior or task
• Facilitated through 4 mwchanisms:
• -modeling others behaviors
• -vicarious experience: watching others
• -verbal persuasion: being told one can do a task
• -Physiological states: recognizing emotional arousal or anxiety involved in behavior

• Important to look at all levels and systems impacting a person
• Chronosystem: changes over time
• Macrosystem: social and cultural values
• Exosystem: Indirect environment
• Mesosystem: connections
• Micro: immediate environment

• Once response been conditioned, stimuli are similar to the conditioned stimulus are likely elicit conditioned response.
• Shape behavior through successive approximations

after rest period, conditioned response reappears when the conditioned stimulus is again presented

• Classic: food-salvation; bell-salvation
• operant: pick up toys-get hug

• Fixed Ratio: reinforce after a fixed # of responses
• Variable ratio: reinforce, on the average, after every nth repsonse
• Fixed interval: reinforce after a fixed period of time
• Variable interval: reinforce after every nth minute
• Reinforcement schedule: continuous or variablebehaviors established through variable or intermittent reinforcements tougher to extinguish

• important for:
• memory
• optimal cognitive functioning
• emotional balance and control

• Important for: 
• emotional wellness
• motivation
• pleasurable feelings

• Affects feelings, behaving, thinking
• critical for emotional and cognitive processes
• vital to sleep and anxiety control

Helps reduce anxiety and promotes relaxation and sleep

belief that rewards and satisfaction are contingent on their own actions and that people can shape their own fate

belief events occur independently of their own actions and that future is determined more by chance than luck

• Interpersonal influence process
• appearing expert to your client may help to "influence" them to join counseling process

action oriented

• consciousness-raising
• affective component
• knowledge component
• skills component

training programs should realize we are feeling, thinking, behaving, social, cultural and political beings

Native Americans

• Gilbert Wrenn
• the substitution model stereotypes of the real world
• disregarding culture variations-believing in some universal notion of truth (everyone is same)
• use of technique-oriented defintion of counseling process

• # of different cultural factors and forces impact an individual to make them unique
• Some factors/forces have broader impact than others

Belief that you need to understand and help groups form their perspectives-their culture-specific focus

Individual accepts/endorses the minority views and rejects the majority resulting in self-appreciation

Extent to which one has changed so much that they are absorbed into dominant group losing own original values and behaviors

Extent to which one from a racial/ethnic minority adopts and incorporates the values/beliefs/customs of dominant culture

• these norms represent a groups basic interpretation of life
• norms provide values for living and lifestyle

• refers to broad categories of individuals who may have special concerns/needs or seek respect, representation and development in society
• categories include: racial, ethnic and religious classifications, women, elderly, single parent homes, divorced, handicapped, gays, poor, children

current self-concept is challenged; there is a conflict between appreciating and depreciating self

self depreciation attitude and identification with majority

• global view of humanity
• we are more similar than different
• focus is on similarities instead of differences

• belief that ones own group is center of everything and it sets the standard
• may cause inter-generational conflict

• Believed dying person experiences the following behaviors:
• Denial & isolation: "Its not happening"
• Anger: "Why me"
• Bargaining: "If i dont die, I will..."
• Depression: silence, suffering, grief
• Acceptance: sense of peace

• Cognitive Dissonance
• source of motivation-we try to reduce dissonance

• Individuals with disabilities education act of 2004
• free education
• least restrictive environment
• all have IEPs

Explanations (casual attributions) we offer for our outcomes influence our future expectations of success and our future motivation to succeed

indivdual moves from the intensity of feelings in the R&I stage and becomes concerned with basis of self-appreciating

individual can own and appreciate minority and dominant aspects of both cultures

• quiet
• ugly
• old
• indigent
• dissimilar culturally

• Young
• attractive
• verbal
• intelligent
• successful

• Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
• dysfunction is unexpected in its cultural context and associated with personal distress or substantial impairment functioning

scientific study of psychological D/O

How many (what %) of the population has the D/O

• How many new cases occur within a given time frame; such as a year
• anticipated course of D/O

• What causes a D/O
• ex: why does it begin?
• biological, physiological and social dimensions are involved

• there may be multiple paths to a given outcome
• ex: depression may be caused by physical injury, loss loved one, or substance abuse

means an individual has 2 or more D/O at same time

• Occurs when defense mechanisms used to cope with stressors
• Mechanisms leading to optimal adaptations include anticipation, humor and sublimation
• at other extreme, failure to regulate leads to break with reality

defining the nature, limits and goals of counseling process

stem and responds to danger, controls automatic functions (Flight-fight)

• Limbic system
• emotion center
• mediating feelings and thoughts
• storing some memory

• Cortex
• executive functions
• mean-making
• self-awareness

brains ability to produce new neurons and reorganize itself

• Wrote: Play therapy and Dibs: search of self
• believes leader or therapist attends, recognizes feelings, helps child express them and implement new behaviors

Pictorial representation of the relationship within the family

• Family member with presenting symptoms
• the person who initially seeks treatment or for whom treatment is sought

Clusters of alliances between family members within overall family group; affiliations and splits from one another, temporary or permanent, occur in pursuit of homeostasis

An abstract delineation between parts of a system or between systems, typically defined by implicit or explicit rules regarding who may participate in what manner

• Self-contained system with impermeable boundaries, operating without interactions outside the system
• resistant to change and prone to increasing disorder

covert alliances of affiliations, temporary or long term, between family members against other family members

study with methods of feedback control within a system, especially the flow of information through feedback loops

• boundaries are blurred
• members over-concerned or over-involved
• limiting autonomy

• physical arrangement of members of a family in space, with placement of each person determined by the member acting as "director" 
• represents persons symbolic view of family relationships

collaborative, egalitarian, nonsexist intervention, applicable to both men and women, addressing family gender roles, patriarchal attitudes, social and economic inequalities in male-female relationships

Dynamic state of balance or equilibrium in a system, or a tendency toward achieving and maintaining such a state in an effort to ensure a stable environment

therapeutic tactic of entering a family system by engaging its separate members and subsystems, gaining access in order to explore and ultimately help modify dysfunctional aspect of that system

a form of therapy in which members of several families meet together as a group to work on individual and family problems

family composed of a husband, wife, their offspring, living together as family unit

a system with more or less permeable boundaries that permits interaction between the systems component parts or subsystems and outside influences

the ease or flexibility with which members can cross subsystem boundaries with in the family

• therapeutic approach
• therapist develops specific plan/strategy and designs interventions aimed at solving the presenting problem

• therapeutic approach
• directed at changing or realigning family organization/structure in order to alter dysfunctional transactions and clarify subsystem boundaries

a set of interacting units or component parts that together make up a whole arrangements or organization

process in which each parent demands a child ally with her/him against other parent during parental conflict

• Eric Berne & Thomas Harris
• personality has 3 ego states: Parent, Adult & Child
• life script: develops in childhood and influences persons behavior
• goals: teach language and ideas of TA in order to recognize ego state functioning and analyze ones transactions
• techniques: teaching concepts, helping diagnose, interpretation and use of contracts and confrontation

• consists of projections of the therapist into the patient due to unresolved conflicts
• unconscious emotional responses to a client that interfere with objectivity

process of blurring awareness of the boundary between self and environment

tendency to uncritically accept others beliefs without assimilating or internalizing them

Process of turning back to ourselves what we would like to do to someone else

Process of distraction, which makes it difficult to maintain sustained contact

• Human relations core
• social influence core
• skills core
• theory core

competence, power & intimacy, expertness, attractiveness and trustworthiness were identified by Stanley Strong in his social influence model

• Empathy
• Respect
• genuineness 
• Identified by Carl Rogers

• Allen Ivey identified microskills:
• communication skills units such as attending, inquiry and reflection

• Helps counselor understand self and interpersonal relationships and skills
• helps to understand problems of clients and help choose interventions likely to be effective

• Projects onto therapist
• must be worked through
• clients unconscious shifting to the therapist feelings and fantasies both positive and negative that are displacements from reactions to significant others from clients past

• Son attraction to mother
• (conflictual times for the child)

• Daughter attraction to father
• (conflictual time for child)

• areas of bodily excitation
• such as mouth, anus and genitals

• Castration anxiety penis envy
• reality principle: idea ego does realistic and logical thinking and formulate plans of action for satisfying needs
• Pleasure principle: idea the id is driven to satisfy instinctual needs by reducing tension, avoiding pain and gaining pleasure

• includes both psychodynamic & sociodynamic forces
• Otto Rink
• Wilheim Reich
• Theodore Reik
• Karen Horney: security major motivation. anxious if unachieved. irrational ways=neurotic needs
• Erich Fromm: one must join with others to develop self-fulfillment otherwise lonely, unproductive society offers experience mutual love and respect
• Harry Stack Sullivan: social systems (interpersonal approach) behavior understood social interactions not as mechanist and linear