Can two water soluble anesthetics be safely mixed together?
Yes
Can a water soluble and a non water soluble anesthetic safely be mixed together?
No
What can happen with sedatives that are given IM or SQ?
Leave patient undisturbed because excitement or stimulation can occur causing an override in the drug effects
How should you give drugs IV?
Slowly and continuously because potency and risk of adverse effects are increased
Major effects of anticholinergics
Prevention of bradycardia
Increased heart rate
Reduction of respiratory, GI, salivary and lacrimal secretions
Mydriasis
Bronchodilatation
Adverse effects of of anticholinergics
Cardiac arrhythmia
Mydriasis
Bronchodilation
Thickening of respiratory and salivary secretions
Inhibition of peristalsis
When drawing up ___ check drug concentration
Atropine, available in 2 strengths that vary in concentration factor of 30
Major effects of phenothiazines
Calming
Sedation
Peripheral vasodilatation
Antiarrhythmic
Antiemetic
Decrease anxiety
Adverse effects of phenothiazines
Reduction of seizure threshold
Hypotension
Penile prolapse in stallions
Decreased PCV
Common dose of Acepromazine
0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg small animals
Max dose for dogs is 3 mg/kg
Max dose for cats is 1 mg/kg
Major effects of benzodiazepines
Antianxiety/Calming in old/ill patients
Anticonvulsant
Skeletal muscle relaxation
Appetite stimulation in cats/ruminants
Adverse effects of benzodiazepines
Disorientation/excitement in young healthy dogs
Dysphoria/aggression in cats
Ataxia/recumbency in large animals
Muscle fasciculations in horses
Pain at IM injection site of diazepam
Diazepam shouldn't be mixed with which drugs because a precipitate may form
Atropine
Acepromazine
Barbiturates
Opioids
Which drug becomes absorbed in plastic?
Diazepam
Major effects of alpha2 agonists
Dose dependent sedation
Analgesia
Decreased cardiac output, heart rate, and blood pressure
Decreased respiratory rate and tidal volume
Muscle relaxation
Vomiting in small animals
Adverse effects of alpha2 agonists
Agitation/aggression when touched
Reaction to loud noises
Ataxia/falling in cattle
Severe bradycardia
Hypotension
Decreased cardiac output
Severe respiratory depression
Major effects of opioids
CNS depression in dogs
Excitement in cats/large animals
Somatic and visceral analgesia
Bradycardia
Panting in dogs
Miosis in dogs
Mydriasis in cats
Increased responsiveness to noise
Adverse effects of opioids
Anxiety
Disorientation
Excitement
Dysphoria
Increased motor activity
Bradycardia
Decreased respiratory rate and tidal volume
Salivation and vomiting in small animals
Initial diarrhea followed by flatulence and ileus
Ultra short acting barbiturates thiopental sodium and methohexital are used to...
Induce anesthesia primarily in dogs cats and horses
Short acting barbiturate pentobarbital is used to...
Induce and maintain general anesthesia in lab animals and treat status epilepticus in small animals
Long acting barbiturate phenobarbital is used as a...
Sedative and anticonvulsant
Major effects of barbiturates
CNS depression from mild sedation to general anesthesia
Decreased cardiac output and blood pressure
Decreased respiratory rate and tidal volume
Increased salivation
Sneezing
Laryngospasm
Coughing
Adverse effects of barbiturates
Cardiac arrhythmias
Bigeminy
Profound respiratory depression/apnea
Prolonged recovery in sighthounds
Increased potency in critically ill patients
Tissue irritation and sloughing after perivascular injection
Excitement during induction and recovery
Major effects of propofol
CNS depression ranging from sedation to general anesthesia
Bradycardia
Decreased cardiac output and hypotension
Respiratory depression/apnea
Muscle twitching during induction
Muscle relaxation
Adverse effects of propofol
Transient excitement
Muscle tremors
Seizure-like activity during induction
Prolonged hypotension
Apnea after rapid injection
Pain from IV injection
How should propofol be handled
Aseptically
Major effects of dissociatives
Cataleptoid state
Intact reflexes
Eyes open
Pupils central and dilated
Normal or increased muscle tone
Analgesia
Sensitivity to sensory stimuli
Increased heart rate, cardiac output, MAP
Adverse effects of dissociatives
Exaggerated response to touch, light and sound during recovery
Seizure-like activity
Nystagmus
Decreased inotropy
Increased salivary and respiratory tract secretions
Major effects of etomidate
Hypnosis with minimal analgesia
Anticonvulsant
Minimal effect on cardiopulmonary function
Good muscle relaxation
Spontaneous twitching during induction/recovery
Adverse effects of etomidate
Pain after IV injection
Hemolysis in cats after rapid injection
Decreased cortisol levels
Nausea
Vomiting and excitement during induction/recovery
Vapor pressure
Measures the tendency of a liquid anesthetic to evaporate and determines whether a precision vaporizer is used to deliver the agent
Blood-gas partition coefficient
Measure of the solubility of an inhalant anesthetic in blood as compared with alveolar gas. Indicates the speed of induction and recovery
___ the blood-gas partition coefficient the ___ the expected induction and recovery
Lower
Faster
Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC)
Lowest concentration at which 50% of patients show no response to a painful stimulus. Measures the potency of the agent and used to determine the average setting of the vaporizer
Which inhalant anesthetic has the fewest adverse effects and is the best choice for patients with cardiac disease?
Isoflurane
Which inhalant anesthetic is best suited for mask or chamber inductions?
Sevoflurane
Which inhalant anesthetic has the lowest blood-gas partition coefficient and produces inductions and recoveries twice as fast as isoflurane?
Desflurane
Nicknamed one breath anesthesia
Desflurane
Neuroleptanalgesia is a combination of...
Opioid and tranquilizer
TRUE OR FALSE. Most preanesthetics wont cross placental barrier
False
TRUE OR FALSE. Its recommended atropine not be given to an animal that has tachycardia
True
Anticholinergic drugs such as Atropine block the release of acetylcholine at which receptors?
Muscarinic receptors of the parasympathetic system
TRUE OR FALSE. High doses of opioids can cause bradycardia and respiratory depression
True
Dexmedetomidine is reversed by which drug
Atipamezole
Opioids may be reversed with which drug
Naloxone
Etomidate is well suited for induction of dogs with what problem
Severe cardiac disease
Ketamine is what kind of drug
Dissociative
TRUE OR FALSE. One of the disadvantages of methohexital is that animals that are anesthetized with it may demonstrate excitement during recovery
True
Compared with methoxyflurane, isoflurane is considered to have...
High vapor pressure
To safely maintain a surgical plane of anesthesia the vaporizer should be set at...
1.5 X MAC
Propofol sometimes causes transient apnea, to avoid this administer the drug...
In several small boluses
One problem associated with recovery from tiletamine-zolazepam in dogs is...
Excitement
Concentration of barbiturate entering the brain is affected by...
Perfusion of the brain
Lipid solubility of the drug
Plasma protein levels
Blood pH
Effects commonly seen after administration of a dissociative include..
Increased blood pressure
Increased heart rate
Increased CSF pressure
Increased intraocular pressure
Adverse effect common with isoflurane
Depression of respiration
MAC will vary with..
Body temperature
Age
Concurrent use of other drugs
Anesthetic agent
Factors that may affect the speed of anesthetics induction with a volatile gaseous anesthetic include...
Partition coefficient of the agent and vaporizer setting
Examples of alpha2 agonists
Xylazine
Dexmedetomidine
Effects atropine may have on the body..
Decreased salivation
Decreased GI motility
Mydriasis
Induction agent made with soy and egg
Propofol
Anesthetics are classified by...
Route of administration
timing of administration
Drug principal effect
Chemistry make-up
The effect that the body has on a drug, including movement of the drug in the body
Pharmacokinetics
The effect that a drug has on the body, drug action
Pharmacodynamics
A drug that binds to and stimulates tissue receptors
Agonist
A drug that binds to but does not stimulate receptors
Antagonist
A drug that binds to more than one receptor type, simultaneously stimulating at least one and blocking at least one
Agonist-antagonist
Alpha 2 antagonist/reversal agents
Yohimbine
Tolazoline
Atipamezole
Benefits of alpha 2 antagonists
Reversal of agonists, including reversal of pain control
Safe when given at correct dose
Other effects of Alpha 2 antagonists
Potential for cardiac arrhythmias
High doses could cause neuro/cardiac/GI stimulation
Reversal agents of Xylazine
Yohimbine
Tolazoline
Cats mainly die from
Kidney disease
Cancer
FeLeuk
Neuroleptanalgesia are good for...
Short minimally uncomfortable procedures (radiographs, minor wound treatments)
Not usually sufficient enough to intubate
Rapid IV injection could cause excitement and respiratory depression
Inhalant anesthetics
Halothane
Isoflurane
Sevoflurane
Desflurane
Where does O2 and CO2 exchange occur
In aveoli of the lungs and is concentration/equilibration dependent
Effects of inhalant anesthetics
CNS depression
Vasodilation, decreased cardiac output and BP
Respiratory depression
Can raise ICP/IOP
Hypoventilation
Isoflurane
High VP, low partition concentration
MAC 1/3%-1.63%
Fewest adverse cardiovascular effects
Respiratory depression
Maintains cerebral blood flow
No analgesia
If CO2 absorbent canister is over used could cause carbon monoxide poisoning