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__________ is the most common ectoparasitic condition of dogs and cats in the USA; the most important species is ____________.
Flea infestation; Ctenocephalides felis felis (called cat flea but is found on both cats and dogs)
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Describe the life cycle of C. felis.
eggs laid on host and fall off into environment--> eggs larvate in environment (free-living)--> larvae burrow down into carpet/dirt and molt twice--> after second molt, pupal stage--> produces silk-like cocoon, where it stays until proper stimulation--> adult flea hatches when its on a host
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What type of environment is hospitable for C. felis larvae?
moist, dark environment (very susceptible to heat and desiccation)
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What stimulations are required in order for a C. felis pupa to hatch? Why?
physical pressure, CO2, heat; b/c it wants to ensure that it is on a living host before it hatches
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What is the only life stage of C. felis that is not affected by flea treatment?
pupa
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How long are the different stages of the C. felis life cycle?
- Flea egg- 1-10 days
- Larvae- 5-11 days
- Pupa- up to 140 days if no stimulation
- Adult flea- up to 100 days
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Why do you have to retreat for fleas after 2 weeks?
because pupae are not susceptible to flea treatments, so when pupae hatch, you must retreat
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Why do some animals with fleas get FAD and some don't?
depends on a hypersensitivity reaction to flea saliva (some are more sensitive than others)
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What primary lesions are associated with canine FAD? (1)
papules (can be primary lesion of ANY parasitic dz)
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What are clinical signs of canine FAD? (8)
papules, crusts, VERY PRURITIC, self-inflicted excoriations, alopecia, lichenification, and scaling, hot spots in pants region
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What regions are usually affected with canine FAD? (4) What is one area that is usually spared?
- affected: dorsal lumbosacral, caudomedial thighs, ventral abdomen, flanks [pants region]
- spared: head/face
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__________ is a common secondary disorders associated with canine FAD; unique to GSDs, __________ are common.
Superficial bacterial folliculitis (epidermal collarettes, excoriations, crusts); deep bacterial infections (nodules, draining tracts)
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Clinical signs of feline FAD.
pants region cutaneous reaction pattern, non-inflammatory alopecia by self-trauma, miliary dermatitis, head and neck pruritus (contrast to dog), no excoriations, eosinophilic granuloma complex
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How do you diagnose FAD? (5)
[you DO NOT have to find a flea/flea dirt!!] history and PE, r/o other diseases, response to therapy (adulticide), +/- fleas/flea dirt, +/- evidence of tapeworms
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Complete resolution of lesions with adulticide flea treatment = ____________; partial resolution = ____________.
FAD; FAD with concurrent problem
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What is the best way we diagnose FAD?
therapeutic trial with flea adulticide
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What mechanical measures should be taken when trying to control FAD in pets? (3)
vacuum cleaning/steam cleaning carpets, launder pets' bedding, remove organic debris
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What types of environmental flea controls are there? (2)
ovicidal (prevent egg from hatching) and larvicidal (prevent larval development)
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What types of flea controls are available for animal treatment? (3)
adulticide (at a minimum), ovicidal (eggs laid on host), combinations
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Products that inhibit the development of the immature stages; larvae cannot pupate, ovicidal; NOT adulticidal.
insect growth regulators (methoprene, pyriproxyfen)
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What are 2 active ingredients are used in insect growth regulators?
Pyriproxyfen (UV stable), Methoprene (inactivated in UV)
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What is Lufenuron mechanism, and what is it used for?
inset development inhibitor- inhibits development of chitin; environmental flea control
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How is Lufenuron administered?
orally with a meal every 30 days, started well before flea season
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Is Lufenuron effective for treatment of FAD?
no (not unless used with an adulticide)
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What parasites does Lufenuron target? (2)
flea egg, flea larva
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What is milbemycin useful for? (4)
heartworm, hookworm, roundworm, whipworm
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Of products containing Lufeneron, Program, Sentinel, and Sentinel Spectrum, which is safe for cats?
Program
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How do adulticides work to control FAD? (3)
reduce egg production, larval emergence, and flea numbers
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Are adulticides able to kill fleas before they feed?
no
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Are Pyrethrins safe for use in felines? Are they safe for young animals?
yes and yes!! (low mammalian toxicity)
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What are Pyrethrins used for?
flea adulticide
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How are synthetic Pyrethroids different from Pyrethrins?
- Pyrethrins: are derived from Crysanthemum- VERY safe
- Pytrethroids: are more stable and have higher potency, but are more likely to be toxic to cats, also work against ticks
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What are synthetic Pyrethroids used for? (2)
flea and tick adulticide
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Which are the only synthetic pyrethroids are safe for cats? (2)
flumethrin, etofenprox
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What are some synthetic pyrethroids? (6)
permethrin, tetramethrin, sumithrin, fluethrin, cyphenothrin, etofenprox
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What is Imidacloprid used for? (2)
flea adulticide, flea larvicide
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What is Pyriproxifen used for?
insect growth regulator: stops flea eggs from developing
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Of the compounds containing Imidacloprid (Advantage II, K-9 Advantix II, Advantage Multi, Seresto Collar), which are safe for use on cats?
Advantage II, Seresto Collar, Advantage Multi
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What is Moxidectin used for?
anthelmintic (macrocyclic lactone)- heartworms, hookworms, roundworms, whipworms [dog formula]
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How is Imidacloprid distributed throughout the body?
no systemic absorption- translocated over body
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How is Fipronil slow release?
not systemically absorbed- concentrates in sebaceous glands
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What is Fipronil used for?
adult fleas, flea larvae, ticks
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Of the available compounds containing fipronil (Frontline spray, Frontline Plus, Frontlike Tritak, Certifect, Parastar, ParastarPlus, EasySpot, Effitix, Effipro), which are not safe for cats (ie. or don't have a cat formula)?
Certifect, Parastar (EasySpot is the cat version), ParastarPlus, Effitix (Effipro is the cat version)
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What is s-methoprene used for?
insect growth regulator- flea eggs
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What is amitraz useful for?
detach/repel ticks
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Is amitraz safe for cats?
not at higher doses
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What is a rare adverse side effect of Certifect (Fipronil, s-methoprene, amitraz)?
pemphigus foliaceus-like drug reaction
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What is selamectin used for? (9)
flea larvicidal, flea ovicidal, flea adulticidal, heartworms, ear mites, [dogs] sarcoptic mange and ticks, [cats] hookworm and roundworm
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How is selamectin distributed throughout the body?
transdermally absorbed, circulates in bloodstream, contcentrates in sebaceous glands
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What is nitenpyram used for?
flea adulticide
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How is nitenpyram used?
oral- but not long lasting (eliminated form body within 24 hours [capstar])
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What is metaflumizone used for?
flea adulticide, flea ovicide in dogs [OFF MARKET- PROMERIS]
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What is Dinotefuran used for? (1)
flea adulticide
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Of the products containing dinotefuran (Vectra 3D, Vectra), which are safe for cats?
Vectra cat formula
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What rare adverse effect is associated with Vectra 3D?
pemphigus folecaious-like reaction in dogs
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What is spinosad? How is is different from spinetoram?
- spinosad: insecticide produced from natural products
- spinetoram: similar but partially synthetic
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What is spinosad used for? (2)
[comfortis] flea adulticide, flea ovicide
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How is spinosad [Comfortis] administered?
orally WITH FOOD; if pet vomits within an hour, must redose
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What is spinetoram used for? (1)
flea adulticide
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What is indoxacarb used for? (2)
flea adulticide, flea larvicide
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What is afoxolaner used for? (2)
flea adulticide, tick
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Is afoxolaner safe for cats?
no
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What is fluralaner used for? (2)
flea adulticide, ticks
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What is the age/weight restriction for fluralaner?
dogs must be 6 months or older/ greater than or equal to 4.4 pounds
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Is fluralaner safe for cats?
no
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How is fluralaner administered?
orally WITH FOOD
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How do you decrease the liklihood of development of resistance?
combination of IDI/IGR and adulticide--> disrupt life cycle at different points
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Flea control strategies. (4)
treat all in-contact animals, spot treat environment, topical steroids for pruritus (shampoo, leave-on conditioners, sprays), systemic steroids (if topicals don't do it)
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