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Biopsychosocial Persepective
- Biological
- Psychological
- Sociocultural
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Biopsychosocial Persepective-Biological
- physiological factors
- genetics
- ex-plaques/tangles
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Biopsychosocial Persepective-Pschological
- cognition
- emotions
- personality
- ex-language tip of the tongues
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Biopsychosocial Persepective-Sociocultural
- social context
- history
- culture
- ex-dutch hunger winters
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Four Principals of Adult Development and Aging
- changes are continuous over the life span
- only the survivors grow old
- individuality matters
- normal aging is different from disease
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Changes are continuous over lifespan
individuals remain the same even though they change
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Only survivors grow old
aging indivduals are increasingly self selected
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Individuality Matters
people vary within and between age groups
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Normal aging is different from disease
intrinsic aging process are different from those associated with illness
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Divisions of 65+ population
- young-old 65-74
- old-old 75-84
- oldest-old 85+
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Ways to define age
- functional age
- biological age
- psychological age
- social age
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Functional Age
how people actually perform
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Biological age
- age of bodily systems
- heart rate, blood pressure, bone strength
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Psychological Age
reaction time, learning ability, memory, intelligence
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Social Age
social roles, parental, grandparental status, work role, retirement
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Types of developmental influences
- normative age-graded
- normative history graded
- nonnormative
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Normative age-graded
cultural norms
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Normative history graded
events that affect everyone
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Nonnormative
- random events
- idiosyncratic
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Social Factors in Aging
- sex and gender
- race
- ethnicity
- socioeconomic status
- religion
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Changing demographics in US and around world
increase in amount of adults 65 and older
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Ecological Perspective
- multiple levels of the environment as they affect the individuals
- multiple systems interact to influence development
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Life Course Perspective
norms, roles and attitudes about age have an impact on the shape of each person’s life
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Impact of Ageism
- not just for older adults but most often aimed at them
- assumption that all members of a group behave or act in the same way
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Eriksons theory
proposed that certain points in life a persons biological, psychological and social changes come together to influence our personality defining each stage of development as a crisis or turning point
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SOC Selective Optimization Compensation
- choose areas of focus
- maximize performance in these areas
- make up for losses in one area with gains in other
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Identity accommodation
people make changes in their identities in response to experiences that challenge their current view of themselves
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Identity Assimilation
the tendency to interpret new experiences in terms of a person’s existing identity
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Identity Balance
- the dynamic equilibrium that occurs when people tend to view themselves consistently but can make changes when called for by their experiences
- Piaget Schema Accommodation
- when you change your schemas in response to new information about the world you are
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Piaget Schema Assimilation
people use their existing schemas as a way to understand the world around them
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Programmed Aging Theories
propose that aging and death are built into the hard wiring of all organisms and therefore are part of the genetic code
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Random Error Theories
are based on the assumption that aging reflects unplanned changes in an organism over time
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Caloric Restriction Hypothesis
the view the key to prolonging life is to restrict calorie intake because it is thought to have beneficial impact because it reduces formation of free radicals.
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Independent Variable
in an experimental study the factor that the experimentor manipulates
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Dependent Variable
in an experimental study the factor that the experimenter observes
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Age as a variable
age isn’t a true independent variable because it can not be manipulated
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Cohort
- years of a persons birth
- influences relative to history at time of birth
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Age
- how many years the person has lived
- change within individual
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Longitudinal design
study of changes across ages in one cohort at a time
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Cross-sectional Design
study of cohort differences at one time of measurement
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Sequential Design
study consist of different combinations of the variable age, cohort, and time of measurement
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Correlational Design
- shows extent of relationship between two variables
- can be negative or positive
- strength is indicated by how close it is to 1 or -1
- no ability to detect causality
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Types of Studies
- laboratory
- qualitative
- archival
- survey
- epidemiology
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Ethics in adult research
- need to obtain full informed consent
- and have a debriefing after completion of study
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