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There are four stages that we know for sure about the begings of life. What are the four stages?
1. Nucleotides and amino acids produced. 2.Mucleotides and aminos polymerized to make RNA and proteins. 3. Polymers became enclosed in a membrane. 4.They them aquired cellular properties.
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Slow accumulations of molecules in the ocean into organic molecules is calle what?
Probiotis soup.
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Based largely on geological data, h2 methane and ammonia and water vapor existed and then the formation of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and formaldehyde (CH2O). Such molecules are precursors of more complex organic molecules. These precursors also combined to make larger molecules such as the amino acid glycine. At the end of 1 week of operation, 1015% of the carbon had been incorporated into organic compounds
Reducing atmosphere hypothesis.
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Theory that organic molecules where placed here or where carried on a commet or merteroite.
Extraterrestrial hypothesis
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key organic molecules may have originated in deep-sea vents, which are cracks in the Earths surface where superheated water rich in metal ions and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) mixes abruptly with cold seawater. These vents release hot gaseous substances from the interior of the earth at temperatures in excess of 300°C
Deep-seas vents
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Organic polymer may have been formed on the surface of?
clay
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cell-like structuresmay have originated when polymers were enclosed by a?
boundary
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An aggregate of prebiotically produced molecules and macromolecules that acuquired a boundry.
Protobiont
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What are the four key features that make probiotics possible precursors to living cells?
1. Boundry seperates the internal from external environment. 2. Polymers inside contain information. 3. polymers inside had ezymatic functions. 4. Probionts eventually developed the capability of self-replication.
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Cells could have evolved from droplets that form spontaneously from the association of charged polymers such as proteins, carboydrates, or nucleic acids surrounded by water
Coacervare
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The second possibility is that probionts evolved from vesicles surrounded by a lipid bylayer known as?
Liposomes
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What are the 3 key functions of RNA?
Store Info, capcity for self replication, and perform ezyme like functions.
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Occurs when a chemical within a mixture has special properties or advantages that cause it to increase in number compared to other chemicals in the mixture.
Chemical Selection. Possible reason RNA came to be.
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is a hypothetical period on early Earth when both the information needed for life and the enzymatic activity of living cells were contained solely in RNA molecules
RNA world
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These are made up of a combination of the 20 amino acids.
Proteins.
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Are the preserved remains of past life on earth
Fossils
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Scientists that study fossils are called?
Paleontologists
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What kind of rock are fossils preserved in?
Sedimentary rock
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A common way to estimate the age of a fossil is by analyzing the decay of radioisotopes within the accompanying rock, a process called
Radioisotope dating
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is the length of time required for a radioisotope to decay to exactly one-half of its initial quantity.
Half-life
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What are some reasons that fossils are biased?
Size, some are more likely to be, shells and bones, number, and environment.
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is a time line of the Earths history and major events from its origin approximately 4.55 billion years ago to the present
Geological time scale
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The names of several eons and eras end in -zoic meaning
animal life
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the complete loss of a species or group of species
extinction
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What where the major environmental changes?
Climate/Temperature, Atmosphere, Landmasses, Floods/glaciation, Volcanic eruptions, and meteorite impacts
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The shift of landmasses.
Continental drift
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many species to go extinct at the same time
mass extinction
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These cells arose during the archean eon
Prokaryotic cells
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Organisms may follow two different strategies to obtain energy; what are they?
heterotrophs, and autotrophs.
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their energy is derived from the chemical bonds within organic molecules they consume
heterotrophs
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directly harness energy from either inorganic molecules or light.
Autotrophs
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These layers are mats of mineralized cyanobacteria, one layer on top of the other
stromatolite
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relationship is one in which two different species live in direct contact with each other
symbiotic
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relationship, in which a smaller organism (the symbiont) lives inside a larger organism (the host)
endosymbiotic
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The first animals where
Invertebrates
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This era had a warm and wet climate, no evidence of ice. rapid diversity of species called () explosion. Also, mainly shelled animals
Cambrian period
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The first vertebrates showed up how long ago?
520 mill
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Climate was warm and moist. marine invertbrates. First plants started to show
Ordovician Period
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Stable, high ocean levels, new fishes, and vascular plants.
Silurian period.
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Dry climate, seed plants, tetrapods started showing up.
Devonian period
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Coal deposits, Large plants and trees, first flying insects, emmurgence of reptiles.
Carboniferous period.
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This was where Pangea started. fernlike plants replaced by gymnosperms (modern conifers). Largest known mass extinction.
Permain Period
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Reptiles plentiful and dinos, and first true mammals.
Triassic period.
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Gymnosperns, mammals not prelvant. Reptiles dominant. Manin dinos.
Jurassic period.
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This period had flowering plants, dinos, mass extinction of dinos.\
Cretatious period
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This period is where hominoids showed up.
Tertiary
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refers to a subset of hominoids, including modern humans, extinct human species (for example, of the Homo genus), and our immediate ancestors
Hominin
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Ice ages, hominins became more human like, 1.8-today
quaternary period
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