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What is the key symptom of cutaneous anthrax?
a depressed black eschar
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What is the fatality rate for untreated cutaneous anthrax?
5%-20%
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When do the fatal symptoms of inhalation anthrax typically present?
3-5 days
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What are some fatal symptoms of inhalation anthrax?
acute respiratory distress, mediastinal widening, fever and shock
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What are the 4 types of anthrax discussed in the CCDM?
Cutaneous, inhalation, intestinal, oropharyngeal
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What is the bacteria that causes anthrax?
Bacillus anthracis
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What are some characteristics of Bacillus anthracis?
Gram-positive, encapsulated, spore-forming, non-motile rod
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What is the primary reservoir of anthrax?
herbivores
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How is anthrax typically transmitted?
contact with infected animal tissue, biting flies that have recently fed on infected animal tissue, contact with soil associated with infected animals
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What is the typical incubation period for anthrax?
1-7 days (as many as 60 days documented)
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What is the preferred method of disposing of infected animals?
incineration at the site of death
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What is the drug of choice for treating anthrax?
Penicillin for 5-7 days
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Besides penicillin, what are some other antibiotics that are used to treat anthrax?
Tetracycline, erythromycin, chlormphenicol
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What does the US military recommend for inhalation anthrax treatment?
cutaneous ciprofloxacin or doxycycline
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What is the drug of choice for people exposed to a deliberate aerosolized anthrax attack?
fluoroquinolones, doxycycline is an alternate
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What is the characteristic symptom of cholera?
sudden, profuse, painless watery stools (rice water stools)
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What is the fatality rate for untreated cholera gravis?
50%
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What organisms cause cholera?
Vibrio cholera serogroups O1 and O139
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What is the main cause of cholera?
drinking unsafe water and poor sanitation
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What is the incubation period of cholera?
a few hours to 5 days, usually 2-3 days
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What drugs are used as chemoprophylaxis for people in contact with a cholera victim?
500mg Tetracycline QID for 3 days or 300mg doxycycline in a single dose
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What is the most important aspect of treating cholera?
timely and adequate rehydration
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How long and at what temperature should leftover food be reheated to prevent cholera?
158 F or 70 C for 15 minutes
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The cause of non-O1/O139 gastroenteritis is typically eating what?
Undercooked or raw seafood
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Vibrio vulnificus is most fatal to people with what other conditions?
chronic liver disease, chronic alcoholism, hemochromatosis, or those who are immunosuppressed.
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What are the characteristic symptoms of mumps?
fever, swelling of the salivary glands (usually the parotid), unilateral orchitis in 20-30% of male patients.
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What are the peak seasons for mumps?
winter and spring
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What disease is a major cause of viral encephalitis?
mumps
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What is the main mode of transmission of the mumps virus?
airborne droplets
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What virus causes mumps?
Rubulavirus
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At what age do people typically get their first MMR vaccine?
12-18 months
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What organism is responsible for scabies?
Sarcoptes scabiei
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How quickly can a scabies mite burrow into skin?
2.5 minutes
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What is the treatment of choice for scabies?
5% topical permethrin
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What is schistosomiasis also known as?
Blood fluke or trematode
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Where do schistosomiasis worms typically live in the body?
The mesenteric or vesical veins
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What are the late complications from schistosomiasis infection?
- -liver fibrosis, portal hypertension, colorectal malignancy for intestinal forms
- -obstructive uropathy, bacterial infection, infertility, bladder cancer in urinary forms
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What are the 3 main organisms responsible for schistosomiasis?
- Schistosoma mansoni - intestinal
- S. haematobium - urinary
- S. japonicum - intestinal
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How is schistosomiasis transmitted?
water containing free-swimming larvae that developed in snails
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How long is the incubation for schistosomiasis?
2-6 weeks
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What is the drug of choice when treating schistosomiasis?
Praziquentel 40mg/kg of body weight (S. japonicum can be 60mg/kg BW)
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When was the last natural smallpox case documented?
October 1977 in Somalia
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When does a rash begin to develop with smallpox?
after 2-4 days of initial presentaion
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How long does a smallpox rash stay on the individual?
3-4 weeks
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What is the order of smallpox rash progression?
macules, papules, vesicles, pustules, scabs
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What is the organism that causes smallpox?
Variola virus
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What is the immunizing agent used to control smallpox?
Vaccinia virus
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What disease is similar to smallpox but has more prominent lymphadenopathy?
Human monkeypox
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What is the fatality rate of variola major?
20-50% in unvaccinated populations
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What organization should be notified immediately if smallpox infection is suspected?
World Health Organization (WHO)
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