1. Published micrographic
2. Made lenses and discovered animalcules in lake water
1. Robert Hooke
2. Leeuwenhoek
Things made in the lab unwillingly
Artifacts
Life comes from other living things
Biogenesis
Spontaneous generation of living things (not correct)
Abiogenesis
This person found that the smallpox could be prevented through vaccination with a similar but milder disease-causing agent
Edward Jenner
actually discovered years earlier but he had a europerspective
The study of the source, cause and mode of transmission of disease
Epidemiology
This was thought to have caused disease (and disease transmission
Miasma (bad air)
This person discovered the cause of cholera was a water pump
John Snow
Disease causes by medical treatment
Iatrogenic
Something that is accepted as the norm
Paradigm
Something that is changed from the norm
Paradigm shift
Discovered the source of puerperal fever or blood poisoning of women in childbirth
Semmelweis
Proposed that germs cause infectious diseases (developed the technique of heating to kill pathogens)
Pasteurization
This person made antisepsis
Joseph Lister
Put on skin and body to disinfect the external living surfaces
antispesis
Put on inanimate surfaces to disinfect
Disinfectant
Robert Koch postulate 1
the same microorganisms are present in every case of the disease
Robert Koch postulate 2
the microorganisms are isolated from the tissue of a dead animal and a pure culture is prepared
Robert Koch postulate 3
microorganisms from the pure culture are inoculated into a healthy, susceptible animal and the disease is reproduced
Robert Koch postulate 4
the identical microorganisms are isolated and recultivated from the tissue specimens of the experimental animal
___ cannot replicate without the replication machinery in a host cell--rely on metabolism and replication machinery of host
Viruses
Class of cells: Plants, animals and fungi that have cells that contain a membrane bound nucleus and organelles
Eukaryotic
Class of cells: cells lack a membrane bound nucleus
Prokaryotic
This person saw that penicillium mold killed bacterial cells leading to the development of penicillin
Alexandre Flemming
Why did the mold produce penicillin?
To protect itself from bacteria
Type of reproduction of bacteria
asexual (doesn't need fertilization or partner--does not increase genetic diversity)
Maintaining a stable internal environment (pH, temp, water and minerals)
Homeostasis
Microbes interact through a multicellular association which is a _____
Helps organisms communicate and protect themselves (example: dental plaque)
Biofilm
Chemical communication and cooperation between cells, calculated the minimum number of organisms in population in order to do what they need to do
Bacteria use it to coordinate gene expression according to density
Quorum sensing
Eukaryotic has _____ and bacterial cells do not
compartmentalization
How many chromosomes do eukaryotic cells have?
46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
How many chromosomes do bacterial cells have?
1 chromosome (circular)
Give the cell structure and transports materials within the cell (movement and shape)
Cytoskeleton
Many prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes (plants/fungi) have THIS to help maintain water balance by osmosis
cell well
Order of Taxonomy Systems (dear king philip came over for good soup)
Domain, Kingdom, Phyla, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
TRUE OR FALSE: Bacteria is a Domain
TRUE
Motility, shape, reproduction, sequences of DNA (similarities), environments (they live in or CAN live in), effects on host and who it interacts with are all ways to....
Classify organisms
DNA amplification--essential when you cannot grow bacteria in lab and need to analyze DNA
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
____ is HIGHLY conserved between species--if this changes it would not work and so if there are differences it is significat
rRNA
Gram stain technique
1. Cells stained with crystal violent stain (+ and - turn purple)
2. Gram's iodine is added (+ and - turn blue/purple)
3. Decolorizer is added (+ retains color and - loses color and is clear)
4. Safranin is added (+ remains blue/purple and - turns orange/red)
Why is Safranin added to the cells in the last step of the gram staining technique?
In order to see the cell on the slide--otherwise it is clear on a white background
TB--how is it a fungus and a bacterium at the same time?
It is a bacteria but at first the scientists did not know what it was so they called it a fungus
Largest and most diverse group of species (ex. E coli and other disease causing pathogens)
Proteobacteria
Consists of many grams + bacteria like bacillus, clostridium, staph, and strep
Firmicutes
Include stretomyces which produce antibiotics
Actinobacteria
Why would a bacteria produce something that kills bacteria?
Does this to protect itself
Bacteria that carries out photosynthesis
Cyanobacteria
Pathogenic bacteria and cause the STD
Clasmydiae
Live in the mouth and causes the STD syphilis
Spirochaetes
Rod-shaped bacteria
Bacillus
Spherical-shaped bacteria
Coccus
Vibrio (comma), spirilla (helical, thicker, and more rigid) or spirochete (thinner and more flexible)
Spiral-shaped
Cholera is caused by a ____ (shape)
Vibrio
Syphilis is caused by a _____ (shape)
Spirochete
Cluster
Staph
Chain
Strep
Protein fibers extending from the surface of many bacteria that are used for attachment (adhesion attach cells to surface, form biofilms and micro colonies)
Pili
Used by bacteria to transfer genetic material between cells
Conjugation Pili
Long appendages extending from the cell surface
Prokaryotic Flagella
Three components of flagella
Helical filament, basal body, hook
The attraction or repulsion of bacteria to a chemical stimuli
chemotaxis
The attraction or repulsion of bacteria to a light stimuli
phototaxis
____ contain endoflagella which move the cell through torsion exerted on the cell by endoflagellar roatation
Spirochetes
Outer (sugar) layer external to the cell wall that is the adhering layering of polysaccharides and sometimes proteins
Glycoalyx
Thick more structured layer of glycoalyx
Capsule
Thin, diffuse layer of glycoalyx
Slime layer
Why is the capsule dangerous?
capsule serves to disguise the pathogen form the immune system so it is hard to distinguish from self0cells and is hard to destroy (hard to phagocytose)
Two dimensional peptidoglycan layer and no teichoic acid, a thinner cell wall but has two membranes (cell walls between) and lipopolysaccharide
Gram Negative Bacteria
Thick peptidoglycan layer (gram stain gets stuck in there) and teichoic acid which is ONLY in this
Gram Positive Bacteria
Serves as an endotoxin in gram negative bacteria and is released from outer membrane upon partial or total destruction of the cell
Lipopolysaccharide
Both gram positive and negative contain alternating ___ and ___ subunits with proteins jutting out
NAG and NAM
How does LPA protect the genes of the gram negative bacteria
It releases its endotoxin by death and sacrifices itself which then weakens the host's immune system and allows the gram negative bacteria to flourish
What is the toxic part of LPA?
Lipid A
What does LPA activate
monocytes that are phagocytic
it OVER activates the immune system to hurt the host and then it takes advantage of the harmed host
Penicillin affects _____
cell walls
Antimicrobial substances may disrupt:
cell wall synthesis, energy metabolism and DNA replication, sensation to stimuli, molecule transport (active and passive)
Spanish flu increases ____ and too many can be deadly
Cytokines
All human cells are diploid EXCEPT
Mature gametes
Most bacteria and viruses are ___ (only one copt of each gene)
Haploid
Molecules of DNA smaller than the chromosome (mini chromosomes that are circular)
Plasmids
Plasmids can be transferred between cells and an be used as _____
vectors in genetic engineering
Plasmids provide _____ for example R plasmids carry genes for resistance to antibiotics
Genetic flexibility
Antibiotic resistance will kill _____ people by 2050
300 million
Antibiotic resistance kills about _____ people each year
23,000
similar to numbers to some cancers, gun violence and suicide
Why are farm animals given sub-therapeutic amounts of antibiotics?
Lowers the animals risk of infection (due to poor living conditions) and this kills the good bacteria in the animal so a larger percentage of food goes straight to animal growth and less is being eaten by bacteria
What else (other than R plasmids) cause antibiotic resistance?
Random mutations (lesser factor but do not rule out!)
Antibiotics affect bacterial _____ (not the same as eukaryotic and therefore is advantageous to us)
Ribosomes (70S--30S and 50S--NOT additive)
Binary Fission: Cells increases in mass and size
B period
Binary Fission: DNA replicates and the two strands separate
C period
Binary Fission: Synthesis of a septum forms two identical cells
D period
The interval of time between successive binary fission
Generation time
The time from 1st infection to symptoms
Incubation times
S. Aures
Staph infection
S. Pyrogenes
Strep throat causing bacteria
chemically unidentified medium (nutrient broth or agar)
Complex medium
Chemical composition of medium is known
Synthetic medium
Contains ingredient to inhibit the growth of certain species and allow the growth of others
Selective medium
Contains specific chemicals to indicate species that posses or lack a biochemical process
Differential medium
5 Ways that plasmids protect from antibiotics
1. decrease membrane permeability
2. find alternative biochemical pathways
3. increase efflux and decrease influx of antibiotic
4. chemical alteration of the antibiotic (beta-lactamase)
5. alter the receptors
Antibiotics that KILL
Bacteriocidal
Antibiotics that STOP SYNTHESIS
Bacteriostatic
Bacterial adapting to their new environment
Lag phase
When exponential growth of population occurs
Log phase
Reproductive and death rates equilibrium
Stationary phase
The accumulation of waste products and scarcity of resources causes the population to die
Decline phase
Grow optimally below 15*C and make up the largest portion of all prokaryoes on the Eath
Psychrophiles
Live at the medium temperature range 10* to 45*C including pathogens in the human body
Mesophiles
Live best around 60*C in compost heaps and hot springs
Thermophiles
Archaea that grow optimal above 80*C found in seafloor hot-water vent
Hyperthermophiles
Live in low oxygen environments
mircoareophiles
Can be used to test an organism's oxygen sensitivity
