physics and math

• (n+1)/2, the median will be between these two numbers
• least susceptible to outliers, not useful for large ranges

• can be transformed from normal distribution
• with zero as the mean and st. dev of 1

all central tendency (mode, mean, median) are the same

neg skewed distribution with tail on the left (mean towards the left, then median and then mode)

two or more peaks

• heavily affected by outliers
• approx te st. dev as 1/4 of the range

• Q1=multiply n by 1/4
• Q3=multiply n by 3/4
• if whole number, quartile is the mean of the value at this position and the next highest, round up in other cases)
• IQR=Q3-Q1, range is 1.5(IGR) below Q1 or above Q3

• more than 3 st. dev away from mean
• key to determining whether or not the mean is an appropriate measure, could be measurement error
• throw out or not (DET before study)

outcomes do not impact each other

cannot occur at the same time (one cannot flip head and tail in one throw)

no other possible outcomes

• "and" multiply the probabilities
• "or" add the probabilities and subtract the probably of both happening together

1-probability of having all girls

if p value is greater than sign alpha, then we fail to reject the null hypothesis

report difference between two populations when there isn't one

we report no difference when there is a difference

report no difference when there is no difference

report difference when there is difference

• reverse of hypothesis testing; instead of using p score, we use 95% confidence (30 is the mean)
• 30-(3)(1.96) to 30+3(1.96)
• 95% confidence that true mean value is between those two levels
• 3 is standard dev.

histograms show distribution (mode) of variables, while bar graphs compare variables

• Q1 and Q3 (Q2 median in middle line)
• range is 1.5(IQR)

could be direct, inverse but does not imply causation

• honesty
• informed consent
• confidentiality

• beneficence
• nonmaleficence
• autonomy
• justice

• selection of research topic and execution of research
• morally relevant differences (appropriate reasons to treat people differently): transplant more likely to give to younger individual
• no difference in perceived benefit between individuals, then all individuals should assume equal risk; particular population is likely to benefit that pop should assume higher proportion of risk

if it becomes evidence that one treatment option is clearly superior before a study is done, then study must stop, because providing inferior treatment is a net harm.

complete group of every individual that satisfies the attributes of interest

information that is calculated using every person in a population

support for causality

samples are representative of target population

statistically significantly (not the result of random chance) and clinical significance (notable or worthwhile change in health status as a result of our intervention