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Self-concept
- your perceptions of your qualities, attributes & traits.
- -Birth-no sense of self
- -by 24 months signs of self-recognition
- -Preschool age- and physical can describe inner qualities
- -Adolescence-self-concepts more abstract and psychological
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Nature vs. Nurture
- Nature: genetic and hereditary factors
- Nurture: learning and environmental factors
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organismic
organism is involved including use of cognition
moral or ethical development
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mechanistic
- the reduction of all behavior to common elements
- example-instinctual and reflexive behavior
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discontinuous
- certain changes in abilities or behaviors can be separated from other which argues for stages of development
- example-language development
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continuous
- changes are sequential and can't be separated easily
- example-personality development
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Abraham Maslow (humanistic)
hierarchy of needs
- People are always motivated to higher-order needs:
- -food/water to
- -belonging/love to
- -self esteem/prestige/status to
- -self actualization
psychological level-social level-cognitive level
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Robert Havighurst
- Identified stages of growth
- requires completion of last one for success and happiness
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Developmental tasks defined by Havighurst
- Arise from physical maturation, influences from culture and society, and desires and values of the person.
- developmental tasks are skills, knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes that an individual has to acquire through physical maturation, social learning and personal effort
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Behaviorism
(John Watson & B.F. Skinner)
- Environment manipulates biological and psychological drives and needs resulting in development
- learning and behavior changes are a result of rewards and punishments
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Law of effect
- Edward Thorndike
- When a stimulus response connection is followed by a reward (reinforcement) that connection is strengthened
- Consequence of behavior determines probability of it being repeated
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Fixation
incomplete or inhibited development at one of Freuds stages
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Libido
- Basic energy or force of life
- consists of: life instincts and death instincts
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Qualitative
- Change in structure or organization
- example: sexual development
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Quantitative
- Change in #, degree or frequency
- content changes
- example: intellectual develpoment
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Defense Mechanisms
- Unconscious protective processes that help us control primitive emotions and anxiety
- they include:
- -repression
- -projection
- -reaction formation
- -rationalization
- -displacement
- -introjection
- -regression
- -denial
- -sublimation
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Sublimation
Anxiety or sexual tension or energy is channeled into socially acceptable activities such as work
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Denial
Refusing to see something that is a fact or true in reality
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Regression
retreating to earlier or more primitive (childlike) forms of behavior
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Introjection
Identify through fantasy the expression of some impulse or motive
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Displacement
Substituting a different object or goal for the impulse or motive that is being expressed
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Rationalization
Providing a reason for a behavior and thereby concealing the true motive or reason for the behavior
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Reaction Formation
Expressing a motive or impulse in a way that is directly opposite what was originally intended
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Projection
Avoiding the conflict within oneself by ascribing the ideas or motives to someone else
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Repression
Rejecting the conscious thought (denying or forgetting) the impulse or idea that provokes anxiety
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Assimilation
- Piaget-adaptation
- Modifying relevant environmental events so they can be incorporated into individuals existing structures
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Accommodation
- Piaget-adaptation
- modifying organization of the individual in response to environmental events
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Schema
Another word for a mental structure that processes information, perceptions and experiences
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Jean Piaget
- Studied Cognitive development (intelligence)
- Inherit 2 tendencies:
- -Organization: how we systematize and organize mental processes and knowledge
- -Adaptation: adjustment to the environment
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Plasticity
For most lifespan development is plastic representing an easy and smooth transition from one stage to the next
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Tabula Rosa
- John Lockes view children begin as Blank Slate
- acquire characteristics through experience
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Genotype
genetic (inherited) makeup of the individual
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Phenotype
Way an individual genotype is expressed through physical and behavioral characteristics
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