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Density (d)
- Ratio of mass (m) of an object to its volume (v)
- d= m/v
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Zeros at the beginning are...
- NEVER significant (place holder)
- 0.0592 (3sf)
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Zeros at the end after decimal point...
- ALWAYS significant
- 2.00x10³ (3sf)
- 9.6500 (5sf)
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Zeros at the end without decimal point...
- NEVER significant
- 96,500 (3sf)
- 200 (1sf)
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Zeros between non-zero digits...
- ALWAYS significant
- 102.3 (4sf)
- 202 (3sf)
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MASS conversion factors (4)
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LENGTH (distance) conversion factors (7)
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VOLUME conversion factors (5)
m³, ft³, L, gal, qt
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Precision
- Indicates how repeatable a measurement is
- EX: 253g
- 2.5270, 2.5271,2.5272
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Accuracy
- Reflects how close the measured value is to the true value
- EX: mass of penny= 2.5267g
- ->accurate to within 0.0001g of the true value
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°C -> °F
°F= 9/5 (°C) + 32
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Average Atomic Mass (4)
- Weighted average of all isotopes of an element
- mx= a1m1+ a2m2+ a3m3
- a:natural abundance
- m: mass of isotopes
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Seven Base Units
- 1.) Mass:kilogram-kg
- 2.) Length: Meter-m
- 3.) Temperature: kelvin-K
- 4.) Time: second-s
- 5.) Energy: joule-J
- 6.)Electrical current: ampere-A
- 7.) Amount of Substance: mole- mol
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Micro scale units (3)
- Milli (m)= 10^-3
- Micro (µ)= 10^-6
- Nano (n)= 10^-9
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Micro scale unit conversions (3)
- 1mm= 10^-3m // 1m=1000mm
- 1µm= 10^-6m // 1m= 10^6µm
- 1ng= 10^-9g // 1g= 10^9ng
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Volume (3)
- derived from length
- Volume= l⋅w⋅h // 1cm⋅1cm⋅1cm=1cm³
- 1 cm³= 1mL= 1cc
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Density (2)
- Derived from mass & volume
- Density= mass/volume= g/mL= g/cm³= 1lb/gallon
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Alkali Metals- Group 1 (3)
- Soft, highly reactive
- Form cations- +1 charge
- EX: H+, Cl+, Rb+
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Alkali Earth Metals- Group 2(3)
- Earth's crust
- Form cations- 2+ charge
- EX: Be^2+, Ca^2+
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Transition Metals- Group 3-12
- Form cations- various charges
- EX: Cu+, Cu^2+
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Group 13
- Ionize to 3+ cations (except boron)
- EX: Al^3+, Ge^3+
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Halogens- Group 17
- form -1 anions
- EX: F-, Cl-, Br-
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Noble Gases- Group 18 (2)
- Unreactive
- Mono-atomic-> occur by themselves
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Empirical formula
- Atomic symbols, but smallest whole number ratios
- EX: Glucose: 6C+12H+6O -> CH6O
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Cation
- (+) ion
- Smaller than neutral atom
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Anion
- (-) ion
- Larger than neutral atom
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Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
- First element in the formula is named first
- 2nd element name is changed by adding suffix -ide
- Add prefixes to identify quantity of atoms
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Matter
Occupies space & has mass
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Mass
Defines the quantity of matter in an object
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Energy
Capacity to do work
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Pure Substance
Same chemical/ physical properties throughout
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Element
Can't be separated into simpler species by chemistry
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Compound
2 or more components bonded together that can be broken down into simpler species by chemistry (not physical means)
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Mixture
Combination of 2 or more pure substances
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Homogenous Mixture
Uniform components, no visible boundaries
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Heterogenous Mixure
Not uniform, look different
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