Heat stable ____ _________ is used for amplifying DNA via PCR.
DNA polymerase
Bacteria readily _______ DNA from unrelated organisms.
recombine
The three domains of life are:
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Eukaryotic organielles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, evolved by endosymbiosis from ________ cells engulfed by __________.
prokaryotic, pre-eukaryotes
Microbes are microscopic organisms that include bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, protists and viruses. True/False?
True
Name the famous person: discovered the complementary bases and antiparallel nature of DNA
James Watson and Francis Crick (1953)
Name the famous person: used X-ray crystallography to determine that DNA is a double helix
Rosalind Franklin (1953)
Name the famous person: showed that the transforming substance in bacteria is DNA
Oswald Avery and colleagues (1944)
Name the famous person: discovered transformation in bacteria
Frederick Griffith (1928)
Name the famous person: developed ultracentrifuge
Theodor Svedberg
Microbes living symbioticaly inside a larger organism
Endosymbionts
Name the famous person: developed electron microscope
Ernst Ruska
Which two instruments had exceptional impacts on the study of cell structure?
1) electron microscope (revealed internal structure of cells)
2) ultracentrifuge (enabled separation of subcellular parts)
Based on the endosymbiosis theory, what prokaryotes lead to mitochondria and then protocists, and then finally plants, animals, fungi, and protists?
proteobacteria (respiring)
Based on the endosymbiosis theory, what prokaryotes lead to chloroplasts and then plants?
cyanobacteria (phototrophic)
Name the famous person: Proposed that eukaryotic organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) evolved by endosymbiosis from prokaryotic cells engulfed by pre-eukaryotes
Lynn Marguilis (1938-2011)
Give 3 examples of endosymbionts.
1) Rhizobia in the roots of legumes (nitrogen fixation)
2) Gut microbiota
3) Coral microbiota
Symbiosis of algae and fungi
Lichens
Name the famous person: Studies prokaryotes that live in hot spring, and produce methane. Analysis of the 16S rRNA revealed that these prokaryotes were a distinct for of life. He called them archaea.
Carl Woese (1977)
Name the famous person: added Fungi as a fifth kingdom of eukaryotic microbes
Robert Whittaker (1920-1980)
Name the famous person: divided Monera into two groups. Eukaryotic Protists (protozoa and algae) and Prokaryotic Bacteria.
Herbert Copeland (1902-1968)
Name the famous person: "Microbes are neither plants nor animals." Names a third kind of life called Monera.
Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919)
Microbial species have ___% similarity of DNA sequence.
95%
Give two challenges that early taxonimists faced while attempting to classify microbes.
1) Low resolution of the light microscope
1) Microbial species are hard to define
Give two examples of contradictions to the simple definition of a microbe.
1. Supersized microbial cells
2. Microbial communities
Each microbe contains in its ________, the capacity to reproduce its own kind.
genome
True/False: Microbes often consist of multiple cells.
False, microbes often consist of a single cell.
Microbial cells range in size from:
millimeters (mm) to 0.2 micrometers
Define: microbe
A living organism that requires a microscope to be seen
Name the field that studies: The origin of life in the universe and the possibility of life outside Earth
Astrobiology
Name the field that studies: Analysis of microbial strains as evidence in criminal investigation
Forensic microbiology
Name the field that studies: The use of microbial metabolism to remidate human wastes and industiral pollutants
Bioremediation
Name the field that studies: Microbial diversity and microbial processes in natural and artificial environments
Environmental microbiology
Name the field that studies: Production of drugs, cloned gene products, and biofuels.
Industrial microbiology
Name the field that studies: Fermented foods and food preservation.
Food microbiology
Name the field that studies: The immune system and other host defenses against infectious disease.
Immunology
Name the field that studies: Distribution and causes of diseases in humans, animals, and plants.
Epidemiology
Name the field that studies: The mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment of microbial disease.
Medical microbiology
Name the field that studies: Fundamental questions about microbial form and functions, genetics, and ecology.
Experimental microbiology
Classify the microorganism by growth temperature:
~0°C - 20° C
Psychrophiles
Barophiles
Organisms adapted to grow at very high pressures. (Up to 1,000 atm (110 MPa))
Barotolerant
Organisms that grow well over the range of 1-50 MPa, but their growth falls off thereafter
Many _____ are also psychrophiles because the average temperature at the ocean floor is 2°C.
