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norggirl
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americans meant by liberty three things:
personal independence (property), individual rights, presentation (right to supervice the government)
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the central problem of republican theory is
having enough power for safety while preventing that power from endangering liberty
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the term xxx was first used to designate opponents of the crown during the reign of Charles 1.
country
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the minister who effectively ran the English government during the reigns of George 1 and george 2 was
Robert Walpole.
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the reclamation of English lost liberties began with the signing of
Magna Carta in 1215
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The story of liberty lost and regained is called
the Wig theory of history.
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Country republicans were taught by XXX that the people must be vigilant in defense of their liberties.
Machivaelli
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History for country republicans moved xxxx , not along a straight path of progess
in cycles of growth and decay
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the author who for county republicans was the authority on the question of associational size was
Monesquieu
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Representation works better in small republics for two reasons:
if the representative resemble the people the people are more likely to rust them and thus will be more wiling to obey the laws enacted
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One sure measure of liberty’s demise is
the presence of a standing army in times of peace
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Court republicans would guard liberty through XXX rather than through the civic virtue of a vigilant populace.
separation of powers in a complex government
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Besides government, Madison argued, another source of oppression is
majority rule.
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Madison thought that the solution to majority tyranny lay in_______ can provide.
the multiplication of factions enlarging the country can provide
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Madison conceived that role of government as
that of an honest broker or neutral umpire.
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Following Yorktown and the treaty of Paris, the last british forces left _____ in December 1783
New York
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the british representative at the peace talks in Paris was ?
Richard Oswald
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Under the Treaty of Paris, America's western boundary was?
the mississippi river
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___were the hardest hit by the recession that followed independence
Bostonians
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Congress raised revenues by requisitioning contributions from the states, borrowing from foreigners and _________
printing notes. in the hope people would circulate it as money
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Congress moved from Philadelphia eventually to New York because?
militiament in penn were demanding payment
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The spanish Ambassador responsible for negotiating a trade agreement with the Congess was _____; his american counterpart, secretary of Foreign Affairs was_______
Don Diego de Gardoqui and John Jay
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The executive body (more or less) of the congress under the articles of confederation was called the ?
Continental Congress/ the committee of states
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New England land speculators in the Northwest territories were organized as the ?
Ohio Company
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The country's first superintendent of Finance under the Articles of Confederation was?
Robert Morris
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The _____ adopted unicameralism in imitation of the Penn constitution of 1776
french revolutionaries
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The advisory body that constrained and encumbered the Virginia governor was called the?
Council of state
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The Massachusetts legislature was called the
general court
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The three vices which james madison charged against the state governments (in his essay "vice of the Political System of the United States") were:
- 1) multiplicity of laws
- 2)mutability of laws
- 3)injustice of laws
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the event in Massachusettes which convinced many of the need for a constitutional convention was
Shay's Rebellion
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Two important people who dissented from the building belief that anarchy threatened the country were ?
Ben Franklin and Thomas Jefferson
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For John Locke, supremacy belongs to the ________, while sovereignty belongs to ______
Legislative power, the people
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Locke calls the power of war and peace the____
federative
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Sparta retained her liberty longer than other republics because?
She continued to have the same size of territory after all her wars.
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An empire, says Montesquieu, is too big to rule monarchically. An example he gives of a ruler who divided his empire is ______. two examples given of rulers whose empires were divided after their deaths are_____.
charlemagne, alexander and attila
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The______, says Montesquieu, is the means by which small states can defend themselves.
assembly of societies
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Montesquieu claims that every government has a distinctive objective in addition to preservation. Public tranquility is the objective that defines________.
China
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The people's share in government should, according to Montesquieu, be confined to____
choosing their representative
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James Harrington is faulted for building in his________ a _______(i.e., imaginary liberty) when he could have build a __________ (i.e., real liberty using materials from the British constitution)
nature of real liberty, chalcedon, byzantium
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Because "the legislative power is naturally and necessarily sovereign and supreme over the executive," the latter, in order to defend itself, must be given:
an essential branch over the legislislature
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The form of government likely to rise up in consequence of progress in arts, sciences and commerce is __________
an aristocracy
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the greek historian who first spoke of mixed government was________
Herodotus
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In ______, no man will labor for himself when he can get others to labor for him.
a warm climate
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adams uses the expression_____ to identify that proportion of society set apart by talent, death, and birth.
natural aristocracy
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Because "the legislative power is naturally and necessarily sovereign and supreme over the executive," the later, in order to defend itself, must be given.
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there are two ways to control parties, says adams, by ________________ or by__________
a monarchy and standing army or by a balance in the constitution
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Failure to defend the minority by checks and balances means that _________ must be given to the minority
a veto
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Madison defines faction as a number of citizen acting in a manner adverse to___________ or to_________
the rights of other citizens or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community
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Madison identifies two ways of curing factions:______________
removing its causes and by controlling its effects
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Says Madison: Liberty is to faction what ____________
air is to fire
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Masison contends that the most common source of faction is_________
the various and unequal distribution of property
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Madison defines a pure democracy as ___________. He d defines a republic as a popular government in which the system of __________is in place
a society consisting of a small number of citizens who assemble and administer the government in person. representation
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Reflecting on the principle of separation of powers in Federalist #51, Madison argues that the surest way to guarantee the independence of the several branches of government is
each department have a will of its won and members should have as little agency as possible in the picking of members of the others.
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According to madison, minority faction is solved by the _____
republican principle (voting) which enables the majority to defeat its sinister view by regular vote!
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Given the fact, says Madison, that governments are not for angles but for men, and are not run by angels but by men, the difficulty lies in this:
you must first enable the government to control the governed and oblige it to control itself.
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_________is what distinguishes a free government from an arbitatry government
people give their assent to the laws
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in a republic the manners, sentiments, and interests of the people should be_______
similar
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Despotisms and monarchies use________ to enforce the laws
standing armies
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