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surface layer of soil having maximum organic matter accumulation and maximum biological activity
A horizon
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soil layer characterized by accumulation of silicate clay, iron and aluminum oxides. AKA zone of accumulation
B horizon
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ability of some soil components to resist a change in soil pH
buffering
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soil layer relatively little affected by biological activity and pedogenesis and is lacing properties of A and B
C horizon
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measure of the total amount of exchangeable cations that a soil can hold
cation exchange capacity (CEC)
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layer of soil that forms when ions and organic matter are leached from A and deposited just above B
E horizon
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peeling of the outer layers of rocks caused by differential rates of contraction and expansion that in turn are caused by temperature changes
exfoliation
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percentage of water remaining in a soil after gravity has drained all that it can
field capacity
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rock particles are deposited by a glacier on the land surface as it melts and recedes
glacial till
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layer of soil with distinct characteristics produced by soil-forming processes
horizon
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more or less stable fraction of soil organic matter remaining after the major portion of plant and animal residues have decomposed
humus
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splitting of a molecule to form small molecules that incorporate compounds derived from water in their structure
hydrolysis
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formed from the cooling and solidification of magma
igneous rock
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rock that has been greatly altered through heat and pressure
metamorphic rock
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association of fungi with the roots of some seed plants
mycorrhiza
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reaction of oxygen with soil parent material to form oxides
oxidation
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soil that lacks distinct horizons, contains clay oxides, is highly weathered, and has low fertility
oxisol
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derived from natural breakdown of rocks by physical and chemical forces
parent material
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open portion of soil that hold air or water
pore space
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live in roots of legumes and fix nitrogen that is used by the plants
Rhizobium
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rock formed by sediment being physically or chemically changed by compression and hardening
sedimentary rock
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distinct layers of soil that develop over time from the weathering of parent material, biological activity, and other factors
soil profile
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aqueous liquid phase of soil and its solutes ("soil water")
soil solution
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arrangement of primary soil particles into secondary particles (size, shape, degree of distinctness) as primary particles
soil structure
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percentages of sand, silt, and clay in a soil
soil texture
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soil that is highly leached, has low fertility, retains little water
spodosol
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relationship where both species benefit
symbiosis
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accumulation of silicate clay, iron, and aluminum oxides AKA B horizon
zone of accumulation
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