CHAPTER 2

anything that occupies space and has mass

the amount of matter in an object

the gravitational force acting on an object of given mass

smallest particle of an element that has a chemical characteristics of that element

the simplest type of matter with unique chemical properties; composed of atoms of only one kind

the simplest type of matter composed of atoms of different kind

no electrical charge

one positive charge

one negative charge

formed by protons and neutrons

equal to number of protons in each atom, which is equal to the number of electrons

number of protons plus number of neutrons

two or more forms of same element with the same number of protons and electrons but different neutron number

occurs when outermost (valence) electrons of the cloud are transferred and/or shared between atoms

non-shared bond complete transfer. taken by the octet rule ex. sodium chloride

an equal sharing of (valence) electrons between two atoms ex. methane gas

an UN-equal sharing of electrons between two atoms ex. water

bond found between water molecules ex. water molecule

• Potential Energy: energy stored 
• Kinetic Energy: moving
• Heat Energy: release energy

a reaction that requires enzymes

• biological catalyst that increases a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy without being consumed in the final product
• [belongs to protein]

• 7.35-7.45
• Less than 7.35
• Greater than 7.45
• Physiological: Normal
• Pathological: Disease
• Acid
• Base 
• Buffer
• Human physiological pH 
• Acidosis
• Alkalosis

nucleotides nuceloACID

amino acids (20). the only difference is the "side chains".

• triglycerides
• [steroids belongs to lipids]

monosaccharides

• Carbohydrates: monosaccharides
• Lipids: triglycerides 
• Proteins: amino acids (20)
• Nucleic Acids: nucleotides

20 amino acids. The only difference is the "side chains".

hemoglobin is a quaternary structure

combined sheet and helix structures

sheet and helix structures

the linear sequence of the amino acid is the primary structure

• Primary structure: the linear sequence of the amino acid is the primary structure
• Secondary structure: sheet and helix structures
• Tertiary structure: combined sheet and helix structures
• Quaternary structure: hemoglobin is a quaternary structure

• Cytosine
• Uracil
• Thymine

• Guanine
• Adenine

DNA-->RNA

RNA-->Protein

• Deoxyribonucleic acid
• DNA
• C=G
• A=T

• Ribonucleic acid
• RNA:
• C=G
• A=U

is a quaternary structure