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Superior Longitudinal (Tongue)
- Origin: Intrinsic
- Insertion: Intrinsic
- Action: Shortens tongue, raises sides and tip of tongue
- Innervation: Hypoglossal, CN VII
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Transverse (Tongue)
- Origin: Intrinsic
- Insertion: Intrinsic
- Action: Lengthens and narrows tongue
- Innervation: Hypoglossal, CN XII
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Vertical (Tongue)
- Origin: Intrinsic
- Insertion: Intrinsic
- Action: Flattens and broadens tongue
- Innervation: Hypoglossal, CN VII
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Inferior Longitudinal (Tongue)
- Origin: Intrinsic
- Insertion: Intrinsic
- Action: Shortens tongue, turns tip of tongue downward
- Innervation: Hypoglossal, CN XII
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Genioglossus
- Origin: Mental spine
- Insertion: Tongue and body of hyoid
- Action: Depresses tongue, protrudes and retracts tongue, elevates hyoid
- Innervation: Hypoglossal, CN XII
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Hyoglossus
- Origin: Greater horn of hyoid
- Insertion: Tongue
- Action: Depresses and pulls tongue posteriorly
- Innervation: Hypoglossal, CN XII
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Styloglossus
- Origin: Styloid Process
- Insertion: Tongue
- Action: Elevates and pulls tongue posteriorly
- Innervation: Hypoglossal, CN XII
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Palatoglossus
- Origin: Aponeurosis of soft palate
- Insertion: Tongue
- Action: Elevates and pulls tongue posteriorly, narrows fauces
- Innervation: Pharyngeal Plexus: CN IX, X, XI
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Tensor Veli Palatini
- Origin: Scaphoid fossa, spine of sphenoid, lateral auditory tube
- Insertion: Aponeurosis of soft palate
- Action: Tenses soft palate
- Innervation: Trigeminal, CN V
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Levator Veli Palatini
- Origin: Petrous portion, temporal bone: medial auditory tube
- Insertion: Soft palate
- Action: Elevates soft palate
- Innervation: Pharyngeal Plexus: CN IX, X, XI
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Uvulae
- Origin: Posterior nasal spine, aponeurosis of palate
- Insertion: Uvula
- Action: Shortens soft palate
- Innervation: Pharyngeal Plexus: CN IX, X, XI
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Palatopharyngeus
- Origin: Aponeurosis of soft palate
- Insertion: Posterior thyroid cartilage, posterolateral pharynx
- Action: Narrows fauces, elevates larynx and pharynx
- Innervation: Pharyngeal Plexus: CN IX, X, XI
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Digastric, Anterior belly
- Origin: Inferior border of mandible near symphysis
- Insertion: Intermediate tendon to body and cornu of hyoid
- Action: Elevates and pulls hyoid anteriorly, assists in depressing the mandible
- Innervation: Trigeminal, CN V
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Digastric, Posterior belly
- Origin: Mylohyoid line of mandible
- Insertion: Body of hyoid and median raphe
- Action: Elevates and pulls hyoid posteriorly
- Innervation: Facial, VII
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Mylohyoid
- Origin: Mylohyoid line of mandible
- Insertion: Body of hyoid and median raphe
- Action: Elevates hyoid and tongue, depresses mandible
- Innervation: Trigeminal, CN V
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Geniohyoid
- Origin: Median ridge of mandible
- Insertion: Body of hyoid
- Action: Elevates hyoid and tongue; depresses mandible
- Innervation: Ansa Cervicalis: C1, C2
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Stylohyoid
- Origin: Styloid process of temporal bone
- Insertion: Body of hyoid
- Action: Elevates and pulls hyoid posteriorly
- Innervation: Facial, CN VII
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Thyrohyoid
- Origin: Oblique line of thyroid cartilage
- Insertion: Greater horn of hyoid
- Action: Elevates thyroid cartilage, depresses hyoid
- Innervation: Ansa Cervicalis: C1, 2
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Sternohyoid
- Origin: Manubrium sterni, medial end of clavicle
- Insertion: Body of hyoid, inferior border
- Action: Depresses hyoid
- Innervation: Ansa Cervicalis: C1, 2, 3
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Omohyoid, Superior belly
- Origin: Superior border of scapula near scapular notch
- Insertion: Intermediate tendon by fascia to clavicle
- Action: Depresses hyoid
- Innervation: Ansa Cervicalis: C1, 2, 3
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Omohyoid, Inferior belly
- Origin: Intermediate tendon by fascia to clavicle
- Insertion: Body of hyoid, inferior border
- Action: Depresses hyoid
- Innervation: Ansa Cervicalis: C1, 2, 3
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Aryepiglottic
- Origin: Apex of arytenoid cartilage
- Insertion: Lateral margin of epiglottis
- Action: Assists in closing inlet of larynx
- Innervation: Vagux, CN X; Mainly Accessory, CN XI, Cranial root
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Thyroepiglottic
- Origin: Medial surface of thyroid cartilage
- Insertion: Lateral margin of epiglottis
- Action: Assists in closing inlet of larynx
- Innervation: Vagus, CN X; Mainly Accessory, CN XI, Cranial root
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Thyroaretynoid
- Origin: Medial surface of thyroid cartilage
- Insertion: Muscular process of aretynoid cartilage
- Action: Assists in closing glottis, shortens vocal folds
- Innervation: Vagus, CN X; Mainly Accessory, CN XI, Cranial root
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Aretynoid-Oblique
- Origin: Base of one aretynoid cartilage
- Insertion: Apex of opposite arytenoid cartilage
- Action: Asists in closing glottis by adducting arytenoid cartilages
- Innervation: Vagus, CN X; Mainly Accessory, CN XI, Cranial root
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Transverse (Larynx)
- Origin: Posterior surface and lateral border of one arytenoid cartilage
- Insertion: Posterior surface and lateral border of opposite arytenoid cartilage
- Action: Assists in closing glottis by adducting arytenoid cartilages
- Innervation: Vagus, CN X; Mainly Accessory, CN XI, Cranial root
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Lateral Cricoarytenoid
- Origin: Upper border of arch of cricoid cartilage
- Insertion: Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
- Action: Adducts and medially rotates arytenoid cartilage, assisting in closing glottis
- Innervation: Vagus, CN X; Mainly Accessory, CN XI, Cranial root
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Vocalis
- Origin: Medial surface of thyroid cartilage
- Insertion: Vocal process of arytenoid cartilage
- Action: Regulates tension of vocal folds
- Innervation: Vagus, CN X; Mainly Accessory, CN XI, Cranial root
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Posterior Cricoarytenoid
- Origin: Posterior surface of lamina of cricoid cartilage
- Insertion: Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
- Action: Abducts arytenoid acrtilage, widening glottis
- Innervation: Vagus, CN X; Mainly Accessory, CN XI, Cranial root
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Cricothyroid
- Origin: Anterior and lateral part of arch of cricoid cartilage
- Insertion:
- Straight - anterior border, inferior horn of thyroid cartilage
- Oblique - lower border of lamina of thyroid cartilage
- Action: elevates cricoid arch and elongates vocal folds
- Innervation: Vagus, CN X; Mainly Accessory, CN XI, Cranial root
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Salpinopharyngeus
- Origin: Auditory tube
- Insertion: Pharyngeal wall
- Action: Elevates pharynx
- Innervation: Pharyngeal Plexus: CN IX, X, XI
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Stylopharyngeus
- Origin: Styloid process
- Insertion: Posterior border of thyroid cartilage, posterolateral wall of pharynx
- Action: Elevates pharynx and larynx
- Innervation: Glossopharyngeal, CN IX
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Superior Constrictor
- Origin: Medial pterygoid plate, pterygomandibular raphe, mandible
- Insertion: Pharyngeal tubercle, pharyngeal raphe
- Action: Constrict, sequentially, nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
- Innervation: Pharyngeal Plexus: CN IX, X, XI
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Middle constrictor
- Origin: Horns of hyoid
- Insertion: Pharyngeal raphe
- Action: Acts as sphincter to prevent air entering esophagus; relaxes during swallowing
- Innervation: Pharyngeal Plexus: CN IX, X, XI
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Inferior Constrictor
- Origin: Thyroid and cricoid cartilages
- Insertion: Pharyngeal raphe
- Action: Acts as sphincter to prevent air entering esophagus; relaxes during swallowing
- Innervation: Pharyngeal Plexus: CN IX, X, XI
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Cricopharyngeus
- Origin: Arch of cricoid cartilage
- Insertion: Arch of cricoid cartilage
- Action: Acts as sphincter to prevent air entering esophagus; relaxes during swallowing
- Innervation: Pharyngeal Plexus: CN IX, X, XI
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