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Factors Affecting Supplementation
- Forage Quantity
- Forage Quality
- Body Condition
- Body Size
- Milking Level
- Age
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Protein
- Amino Acids
- ›Rumen degradation of proteins
- Microbes – incorporate N and AADigested in SI
- Adequate for most cattle
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Crude Protein
- N X 6.25›
- On average protein contains 16% nitrogen1/16 = 6.25 %
- Ruminally Available›For microbes
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Crude Protein Classes
- ›Degradable intake protein (DIP)
- ›Undegrable intake protein (UIP)
- ›Metabolizable protein = DIP + UIP
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Protein Requirements for Growing heifers, 3rd trimester gestation, and lactating cows
- Higher = growing heifers
- ›Constrained by intake
- Higher = 3rd trimester gestation
- ›Most fetal growth
- Higher = lactating cows
- ›Milk has high protein content
- ›Early – mid lactation 2x dry cow
- ›More milk = more protein
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Energy
- Grazing
- Traveling
- Fetal development
- Milk production
- Reproduction
- Voiding body of wastes
- More E = thin cows›Restoring body reserves
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Where do you get energy from?
- Get energy from cellulose
- ›With proper protein and minerals
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What happens with too much or too little protein
- ›Too little protein = microbes can’t function
- Too much protein = deaminated, E inefficient
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What is energy affected by?
Affected by weight, gain, lactation, pregnancy, age
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Net Energy System
- Gross Energy
- -----Fecal Energy
- Digestible Energy
- -----Urinary and Gas Energy
- Metabolizable Energy
- -Maintenance---Net Energy----Gain,Lactation
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Total Digestible Energy
Digestible energy with a correction for protein
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Forage DMI in Cows
- TDN of forage affects DMI
- Less than or = 50% TDN = 1.5% BW
- 52-54% TDN = 2% BW
- 55-59% TDN = 2.5% BW
- Greater than or = 59% TDN = 3% BW
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Oilseed Meals
- Canola, Cottonseed, peanut, soybean meal
- -loose, pelleted, cubed
- -high protein, 35-48% CP
- -Energy medium -> High
- -Feeding Rate 1-3 lbs/head/day
- -Dry cows in moderate to good flesh (BCS 4-5) Law protein-Medium Energy
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Grains
- Corn, Oats, Milo, Wheat
- -Low protein, high energy (8-10%)
- -can be "cheapest" source
- -Byproduct gains-wheat midds, rice brain, soybean hulls, cottonseed hulls
- --slightly higher protein lower energy
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Urea
- Feedlot rations
- -›14-25% of total crude protein
- -0.1 to 0.25 lb/h/d
- Dry Cows›0.05 lbs/h/d
- -›Max 20-33% of total N Feeding harvested forages
- -Winter range and low protein supplement
- -›High CP supplement
- -Less than 10% of CP
- Lactating Cows
- ›0.05 – 0.10 lb/h/d
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Feed Supplementation
- Oilseed meals
- Grain
- Breeder/Range Cubes
- Protein blocks and liquids
- Lower Protein blocks and tubs
- Hays
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Vital Signs of Beef Cattle
- Temp. 100.4-102.8 avg. 101.5
- Pulse 60-70 BPM
- Respiration 10-30 breaths per minute
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Scours
- Disease complex (group of diseases)
- -Rota virus, Corona virus, Cyptosporidium parvum, E. coli, Salmonella, coccidiosis
- Most common in fall, winter and spring
- Affects young calves
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Scours Symptoms
- Acute
- –Shock
- –Nose,
- -ears and legs are cold
- –DiarrheaSudden death
- Chronic
- –Symptoms for several days
- –Weight loss
- –Death after several days if not treated
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Scours prevention
- Sanitation
- –Clean barns and buckets for bucket calves
- Calf needs colostrums (first milk)Supplement the cows diet with Vitamin A before calving
- Vaccines (most common types of scours)–Vaccinate mothers at least 30 days prior to calving
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Scours Treatment
- Antibiotics
- Sulfa drugs
- Electrolytes
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Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BVD)
- Common throughout the United States
- May appear in mild, acute & chronic forms
- Spreads by contact
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Mild BVD
- Often no symptoms
- If they are present:
- –Fever
- –Coughing
- –Discharge from the nose
- –Slow gains
- –Rapid breathing
- –Mild diarrhea
- Animals that have had the mild form of the disease are immune to further infection.
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Acute BVD
- Fever
- Difficult breathing
- Discharges from the nose and mouth
- Possible lameness
- Dehydration
- Weight loss
- Diarrhea after 3-7 days
- Abortion
- –Contract within first 2 months of pregnancy
- Mummified Fetus
- –Contact day 90-120
- Brain damage, hairlessness, underdeveloped lungs–Later in prenancy
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Chronic BVD
- All the same symptoms as the acute plus
- –Slow gains
- –Rough hair coat
- –Lameness
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BVD Prevention
- Modified live virus vaccine
- Vaccinate calves Pregnant cattle should not be vaccinated
- –After calving
- –At least 3 weeks before breeding
- Replacement heifers should be 9 - 12 months of age
- Not during the last 3 weeks before breeding
- No cure
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Shipping Fever (PI3 Pasteurella, Bovine Respiratory Disease)
- A disease complex that affects the respiratory tract
- Most common in young cattle at times of stress
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Stresses
- Moving from range to the feedlot
- Extremes of heat or cold
- Exhaust fumes
- Hunger
- Fright
- Rough handling
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Symptoms of Shipping Fever
- Early on----fever
- Depression
- Drooping ears
- Discharge from the nose
- Watery eyes
- Loss of appetite
- Diarrhea
- Weight loss
- Difficult breathing
- Coughing
- Pneumonia
- Possibly death
- If the animal recovers it will be slow to gain
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Shipping Fever Prevention
- Vaccination after 4 mo. of age
- Best time is 3-4 weeks before weaning/shipping
- Reducing stress and exposure
- Good feedlot management and careful handling of new cattle
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Shipping Fever Treatment
- Antibiotics
- Sulfa drugs
- Treatment must begin as soon as symptoms are noticed.
- Treatment after an animal has developed pneumonia is of little value.
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Blackleg
- Caused by anerobic bacteria
- When exposed to air the bacteria form a spore –may live in the soil for many years
- Spores enter the animal through the mouth or wounds
- Young animals are more commonly affected
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Blackleg Symptoms
- First sign is one or more animals suddenly die
- Before death symptoms are:
- –Lameness
- –Swollen muscles
- –Severe depression
- –High fever (in early stages)
- –Animal may be unable to stand
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Blackleg Prevention
- Vaccination
- Calves are vaccinated when young and boostered
- Dead animals should be burned or buried
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Blackleg Treatment
- Treatment is only effective if diagnosed early–
- Penicillin
- Prevention is more effective and less costly.
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Foot Rot
- Caused by bacteria, fungi and others
- Skin of the foot is broken -> enters
- Muddy, manure filled lots increase the problem
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Foot Rot Symptoms
- First noticeable sign is lameness
- Other symptoms
- –Loss of appetite
- –Fever
- –Depression
- –Not want to stand or move around
- –Smell
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Foot Rot Prevention
- Sanitation and paved lots work best
- Good drainage and mounds in the lot
- Spreading lime around water tanks and feed bunks
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Foot Rot Treatment
- Penicillin
- Wide spectrum antibiotics
- –tetracycline
- Sulfa drugs
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Digital Dermatitis
- Hairy heel wart
- Poor hygiene, wet conditions
- Lesion between digits of foot
- Highly contagious
- Very painful
- Exact cause unknown
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Lump Jaw
- Chronic Rarely causes death
- Results in economic losses because the affected body part is condemned at slaughter
- Affects the jaw and surrounding bony part of the head
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Lump Jaw Symptoms
- Tumors or lumps on the jaw.
- Loose teeth
- Spongy jaw bone resulting in breathing problems.
- Weight loss due to difficulty eating
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Lump Jaw Treatments and Prevention
- Surgical treatment may allow the animal to remain marketable but complete recovery is usually not possible.
- To prevent keep sharp objects out of the feedlot or pasture.
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Pinkeye
- Carried by insects
- Affects the eye of the animal
- A viral form of pink eye is associated with IBR
- White faced cattle and those with pink skin pigment
- Pinkeye occurs year round but is most common during periods of maximum sunlight.
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Pink Eye is spread by
- Insects
- Direct Contact with infected animals
- Dust
- Tail switching
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Pink Eye Treatment
- Isolated in a dark place
- Apply Antibiotics – penicillin
- A cloth patch can be used on the affected eye
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Trichomoniasis
- A venereal disease caused by a protozoan, Trichomona fetus
- Infects the genital tract of the bull and is transmitted to the cow during breeding
- Clean bulls can also be infected by breeding “dirty” cows
- Can also be transmitted through infected semen, even when artificial insemination is used.
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Trichomoniasis Symptoms
- Abortion in early gestation
- Low fertility
- Irregular heat periods
- Uterine infection
- Cows may have discharge from their genital tract
- Bulls may not show any symptoms but still be capable of transmitting the disease during breeding
- Identified by microscopic examination of material from an aborted fetus, the prepuital cavity of the bull or vaginal discharge from the cow
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Trich Prevention
- Semen testing
- Testing cows before breeding
- Using only clean bulls on clean cows
- Selling all open cows
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Vibriosis
- Reproductive disease
- Both intestinal and venereal
- Leading cause of infertility and abortion in the cattle industry
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Vibrosis
- Intestinal form has little harmful effect
- Venereal form is more serious
- If the organism infects the uterus there will be some abortion in the herd
- Number of cows infected is usually small
- Cows do not become sterile and bulls are not affected.
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Vibrosis Symptoms
- Infertility
- Abortion
- Irregular heat periods
- In newly affected herds conception rates may drop below 40%
- Calving season is longer
- More open cows in the fall
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Vibrosis Prevention and Treatment
- Vaccinate animals 30 days prior to breeding
- ▫Vaccination must be repeated every year
- Bulls may be treated with antibiotics but the process is difficult
- Cows may settle easier if treated with antibiotics
- Skipping two heat cycles before attempting to breed the cow usually improves the conception rate of infected cows
- Cows with the disease eventually develop immunity and will breed again
- The use of AI helps in prevention because the semen used for AI is treated with antibiotics to eliminate disease organisms.
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Ringworm
- A contagious skin disease that can be spread to other animals and humans
- Symptoms
- –Round, scaly patches of skin that lack hair
- -The affected area clears up but moves to another part of the body
- Sanitation
- Isolate infected animals
- Treat with iodine tincture or quaternary ammonium compounds
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Brucellosis
- Caused by microorganisms
- Results in heavy economic losses
- Less common due to state and federal eradication programs—all states are now free of brucellosis in domestic cattle herds
- Dangerous to humans
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Brucellosis Spreads By...
- Introducing infected cattle
- Fence line contact
- Dam to calf
- Feed or water where the organism is present
- Sniffing or licking an aborted fetus or calf from a cow that has the disease
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Brucellosis Symptoms
- Abortion during the last ½ of pregnancy
- Retaining of afterbirth (placenta)
- Sterility in cows and bulls
- Reduced milk flow
- Enlarged testicles
- Weak calves (if born from infected cows)
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Brucellosis Prevention and Cure
- No cure
- Prevention is accomplished by good herd management
- –Vaccinate
- Before heifers turn 1 year of age
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Anaplasmosis
- Infects the red blood cells
- –Severe anemia, weakness, fever, lack of appetite, depression, decreased milk production, and death
- Particularly recognized–Gulf coast and Western States
- Tick borne disease–Rocky Mountain Wood tick–
- Other ticks and ways
- Rarely effects cattle < 1 year old
- Rarely fatal in 2 year olds
- Sometimes fatal in 3 year olds
- Often fatal in older animals
- Once animal recovers from disease–Immune–Carrier
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Anaplasmosis Prevention
- Preventation
- Vaccine
- –Two dose lifetime prevention
- Treatment
- –Tetracycline
- Cattle can recover if treated soon
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Foothill Abortion
- Epizootic bovine abortion (EBA)
- Abortion rates up to 50%
- Summer grazing
- –Sierra Nevada Mountains
- –Great Basin Regions of CA
- –Also in Southern OR and NV
- Tick borne - Pajahuello
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Foothill Abortion For EBA to occur..
- 1.Less than 6 months pregnant
- 2.Ticks present and hungry
- 3.No previous exposure to the disease
- 4.Ambient temp must be warm and dry
- Then abortion occurs 3-4 months later
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Foothill Abortion Prevention
- Prevention
- –Management
- – location of cattle
- –Expose young cattle
- –VaccinationUC Davis
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