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Types of compound light microscope
- Bright-field
- Dark-field
- Phase contrast - Differences in density; live cells
- Fluorescence
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Magnification formula
Total magnification = object magnification x ocular magnification
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Regular light microscope lenses
- Ocular
- Objective
- (specimen)
- Condenser
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Magnification and resolution
- Magnification - Make objects appear larger
- Resolution - Distinguish adjacent points as separate objects
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Lenses in phase contrast microscope
- Ocular
- Diffraction plate
- Objective lense
- (specimen)
- Condenser
- Annular diaphragm
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Lenses in fluorescence microscope
- Mercury arc lamp
- Excitation filter (selects wavelength)
- Dichroic mirror
- Emission filter
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Differential interference microscopy
- Polarizer created two distinct beams of polarized light
- Gives structures 3D appearance
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Confocal scanning laser microscopy
- Used lasers (ooh...)
- Scan different layers, like MRI (Z-stacks)
- 0.1um resolution
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Prokaryote size range
- 0.2um to 700um
- - Rods - 0.5um - 0.7um wide, 15um long
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Benefits of small cells
- Greater S/V - Nutrient exchange
- Faster growth
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Lower limit of cell size
0.15um
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Phospholipid bilayer
- 8-10nm wide
- Hydrogen bond stabilization
- Magnesium and Calcium ions stabillize membrane
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SusG
Starch transport; moves freely - binds when starch is present
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Archeal membranes
- Phospholipid ether linkages (ester in Bac and Euk)
- Isoprenes (not fatty acids)
- Tetraethers and glycerol
- Monolayers
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Isoprene
H2C=C(CH3)-CH=CH2
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Lipid monolayer
single layer with hydrophillic heads attached to one hydrophobic chain
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Transport types
- Simple - Driven by proton motive force
- Group translocation - Chemical modification, PEP powered
- ABC - Periplasmic proteins, ATP powered
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ABC transport
- ATP driven
- Substrate specific
- Uses periplasmic binding proteins
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