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What did Sullivan write?
The Limitations of Science
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What are the 3 needs and desires?
- 1. Practical advantages
- 2. Satisfying disinterested curiosity
- 3. Provides objects of great aesthetic charm for the contemplative imagination
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What is Restriction endonuclease?
could be used to cut DNA in a precise matter
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What does Restriction endonuclease lead to?
Recombinant DNA
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Recombinant DNA is the foundation of?
Biotechnology
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The Babylonians/ Egyptians history in science was? (3 things)
- 1. rudimentary geometry & astronomy = suited to the practical needs of an agricultural population
- 2. Disinterested Curiosity- Babylonian priests kept records of the rising and setting of heavenly bodies (=astrology).
- 3. Primarily Practical: little disinterested curiosity
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The greeks history in science was? (2 things)
- 1.recognize the scientific spirit; wanted to know for the sake of knowing- necessary condition for science to come into the world
- 2. Land surveying formulas of Egyptians, in hands of Greeks= deductive geometry and mathematical reasoning was created
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What were the Romans history in science? (2 things)
- 1. spirit of disinterested curiosity died-essentially practical people
- 2. Attitude= what is the use of it?
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What were the medievalists history in science? (3 things)
- 1. (romans to renaissance): produce nothing in science
- 2. Outlook on life made science unnecessary
- 3. Derived information from two sources:
- 1. Reason- Aristotle
- 2. Revelation (scriptures)
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What was the Renaissance history in science?(4 things)
- 1. (14th-16th centuries): 1st clear expression of the modern scientific outlook (LL., renascentia, new birth):
- 2. Leonardo Da Vinvi (1452-1519) Never published
- 3. Galileo (1564-1642) Not perfect scientific man; did not fully realize the necessity of confirming mathematical deductions by experiment (- "used experiments only to prove to those less wise than he what he already knew to be true").
- 4. Newton (1642-1727) Scientific outlook reached full consciousness
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What is the basis of science?
Observation and experimentation= mathematical deduction, checked by further experiment
(=independent and self-enclosed system, borrowing nothing from metaphysics or theology = dominating outlook of the scientific world.)
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What is cells?
units of organization and function of living organisms
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What is the cell theory?
all organisms are composed of cell and cell products (1830s)
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WHat did Lenenhooke do?
Discovered bacteria and protozoans using a single lensed microscope
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What did Robert Hooke do?
- Introduced the words cells
- Was looking at thin sections of cork and reminded him of cells in monastery
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Who were known as the 2 classical microspicits?
Lenenhooke and Robert Hooke
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Who gained credit for the cell theory?
Schum and schullanlen
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What is the saying that Brown came up with in 1841?
Ommus cellular e cellular
"life only comes from preexisting life in cellular form"
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What dud Pasteur gave evidence in favor of?
Bio-genesis
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What is biogenesis?
Life only arises from preexisting life in cellular form
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What was pasteur against?
spontaneous genesis
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What is the concept that life did not originate from Earth but life was sent here?
Directed panspermia
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Who was Francis Crick? (2 things)
- 1. Discoverer of DNA (double helix)
- 2. Author of the book Life itself
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Are cell size the same or different in plants?
different
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Are cell sizes the same or different in organisms?
same
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What is the general range of cell size?
1-100 micrometer
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What is the resolution of the human eye?
100 micrometer
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What are the two types of cells?
- 1. Prokaryotic
- 2. Eukaryotic
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What is a prokaryotic cell?
a cell with no true nucleus
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What is a eukaryotic cell?
a cell with a true nucleus
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What are the 5 different parts of the Eukaryotic cell?
- 1. Cell (plasma) membrane
- 2. Cytoplasm
- 3. Mitochondria
- 4. Cytoskeleton
- 5. Nucleus
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What is the cell membrane?
The outermost part of the cell
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What are the three tings the plasma membrane made up of?
- 1. lipids
- 2. proteins
- 3. carbohydrates
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What is the function of the plasma membrane?
- control what moves into and out of the cell
- "gate keeper"
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What are the two things in the cytoplasm?
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What are organelles?
- subcellular components for specified functions
- many are membrane
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Plastids are found in what type of cell?
plant cells
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What are two types of plastids?
- 1. Chloroplasts
- 2. lsucoplasts
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What is chloroplasts?
deals with photosynthesis
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What is the mitochondria?
the powerhouse of the cell
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The mitochondria found in what cells?
plant and animal cells
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What is in the Mitochondria?
ATP
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What is ATP?
high energy molecule
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Mitochondria is what kind of membrane?
double membrane organelle
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Where does mitochondria and chloroplast come from?
from preexisting bacteria
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What shape is mitochondria?
rods, size of bacteria
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What is the golgi apparatus?
- A network of the cytoplasm of the cell
- "molecular traffic cop"
- certain proteins are directed to different places
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Where is the golgi apparatus found?
chloroplasts and mitochondria
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What are the three types of cytoskeleton?
- 1. microtubules
- 2. microfilaments
- 3. Intermediate Filaments
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What is the diameter of the microtubules?
25 mm
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What is the diameter of microfilaments (actins)?
8 mm
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what is the diameter of the intermediate filaments?
10 mm
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what is fluorescence microscopy?
use chemical flouresence to attach to certain types of cells, or antibody and they antibody will be specific for a certain part of the cell
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What is the cytoskeleton responsible for?
cell shape and cell movement
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What is cytoplasmic matrix?
- background of cytoplasm
- everything is enveloped here
- sometimes called cytosol
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What level can you see the nuclear membrane?
light microscope
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what level can you see the nuclear envelope?
electric microscope
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What is embedded in the nucleoplasm?
chromatids
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What are chromatids?
chromatids are made up of DNA and hector protein
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What is the nucleus responsible for?
cell activity and heredity
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What is inclusions?
matters in bulk
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What are examples of inclusions?
cell sap in cell, sap molecules, starch grains
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What is nucleoid?
a region with the genetic material
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What are the 3 exceptions to the cell theory?
- 1. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a true nucleus
- 2. Skeletal muscle fiber does not consist of cells but multi-nucleated single cells of cytoplasm
- 3. Certain fungi- coenontic- entire organism is multinuclear
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