What are the main lobes of the cerebrum and their basic functions?
Frontal-Primary motor cortex. Higher intellectual capacity and motor skills.
Parietal-Primary somatosensory cortex. Sensory
Temporal-auditory cortex. Hearing and ballance, and forming of memory (memory consolidation)
Occipital-Visual cortex medial aspect above and below the calcarine sulcus
Insula-emotion and homeostasis
Limbic-emotion of behavior and memory
Which are the two main fissure of the cerebrum?
The interhemispheric or great longitudinal fissure
The lateral fissure (through which yo ucan expose the insula lobe
Which are the three important Gyri?
Precentral-Primary motor cortex
Postcentral-Primary somatosensory cortex
Superior temporal-immediately inferior to the lateral fissure.(site of hearing)
Which are the four main sulci?
Central-between primary motor and somatosensory gyrus
Calcarine-in the occipital (site of visual cortex
Parieto-occipital-divide parietal and occipital lobes
Cingulate-Dorsal or Superior to the cingulate gyrus
What did the diencephalon develop from? What did it develop into?
Proencephalon{Dianecephalon{Thalamus(relay station), hypothalamus(ANS body homeostasis), optic outgrowth
What did the midbrain develope from? What are the main structures in it?
Mesencephalon.
Susbstantia Nigra-Motor function
Red Nucleus-motor function
Corpora Quadragemina: Superior and inferior Colliculi (visual and auditory reflex function)
What composes the hindbrain? and Where did they develop from?
Cerebellum - Metencephalon
Pons - Metencephalon
Medulla - Myelencephalon
What is flouroscopy?
Real time x-ray machine that displays the images on a computer.
The diameter of the spinal cord is inconsistent. The main reason for the changes in diameter is.
B. This the most correct answer. The reason we see narrowing in the thoracic is because there is no thoracic plexus. The other areas the experience widening are those that form plexi.
There are equal spinal nerves as there are spinal vertebrae. T/F
False
Vert-Nerves
C 7-8
T 12-12
L 5-5
S 5-5
C 4-1
The sacrum consists of 4 spinal nerves. T/F
False. The sacrum is 5 fused vertebrea and it has 5 spinal nerves
There are 5 lumbar nerves. T/F
True. The lumbar has 5 vertebrea and 5 spinal nerves
There are 6 cervical nerves. T/F
False. There are 8 cranial nerves and 7 cranial vertebrea. The cranial nerves are the only nerves that exit above the vertebral bodies
There are 4 coccygeal nerves T/F
False. There is only one coccygeal nerve. But the coccyx is 4 fused bones.
The PNS is cleanly divided from the CNS T/F
False. The PNS has some overlap with the CNS in that some of the neurons contributing to the PNS are contain within the CNS
The primary purpose if the PNS is to
C. The "primary purpose" is to link the CNS to the peripheral tissues. However, it does so via sensory afferent and motor efferent peripheral nerves.
The spinal ganglion are unipolar nerve cell soma which allow for
B. The DRG synaps in the dorsal horn. They allow for quicker conduction by being bypassed. The complete the role of a soma inthat they provide all of the material necessary for the neuron to live and funciton properly.
Spinal nerve are formed by the union of
C. The rootlets for roots which then come togehter to form rami spinal nerves which then divide into ramin.
The dorsal root relays brain signals to the peripheral tissue for vasomotor function. T/F
F. The dorsal root is where the sensory information enters the spinal cord and synapes with interneurons.
The ventral root is efferent in that is receives the sensory information and relays it to the CNS. T/F
F. Efferent is going to be associated with the vasomotor neurons. The ventral root does utilize efferent fibeers, but for the sake of motor control, not sensnory.
The ventral root are motor efferent nerves that receive their input primarily from
E. Dorsal root ganglion synaps with interneurons but not generally with the ventral root
The spinal nerve is about 10 mm in length. T/F
T Spinal nerves are about 1cm.
Shortly after exiting the interverterbal foramen the spinal nerve
D. DRG, and Roots are within the vertebral space. The peripheral nerve is the whole thing.
The posterior rami supplies
D. is the most correct answer. It also supplies the erector spinea muscles.
The posterior rami only supplies the erector spinea muscle. T/F
F It also supplies the sking on the back.
Pt. presents with osteophyte on the left uncovertebral facet, the following structures are most likely to be damaged:
D. The uncovertebral would be anteromeidal so it would most like put pressure on the ventral root
Upon the completion of a nerve conduction test, you discover the patient
cannot move his serratus anterior. Which rami may be jepordized?
C. Ventral C6 and C7 may be jepordized. A is incorrect because the dorsal. B. is the C8 and e is dumb.
Pt. has a posteriorly protruding IVD at the C5-C6 joint, which nerves are most likey to be damaged?
D. The C6 nerve would be more associated with the Musculocutaneous and the IVD would most likely put pressure on the ventral root causing motor impairment.
Pt. has developed OA at the zygopophyseal joint, this is most likely to
D. the intervertebral joint is closer to the DRG and the sensory afferent dorsal root.
A dermatome
E. They are all correct.
Sensory terminals overlap considerably. T/F
T
Shingles (herpes zooster virus type 4) may remain in a DRG for upto decades and
later wreak havoc on the somatosenory system causing the skin to become
inflamed and blistered, then scaly and causing agonizing pain for up to
months. T/F
F
Shingles is from type 3
Type 4 mononucleosis virus
Shingles is usually specific to 2-3 DRG and is often brought on by stress or immunocompromissation. T/F
f. Shingles, varicella zooster herpes type 3 usually reactivates in one DRG
Weakness in abduction of the arm would involve which spinal nerves?
B.
Weakness in supination of the wrist would involve which spinal nerves?
C.
Homo‘s and Nazi’s love to flick their wrist; one in expension, the other in
flexion. Which spinal nerves are involved in both of these movements?
B.
Pt. presents with deep aches in his distal radius. Which scleratome may be affected?
C. C7 would be in that area.
Vascular tissues that surround bundles or fascicles of nerve fibers that make up nerve
A.
Which layer of neurium is contiguous with the dura mater?
C.
Which layer of neurium is contiguous with the arachnoid mater?
C.
Which layer of neurium is contiguous with the pia mater?
C.
Epithelial tissue covering of fasicles of nerve fibers?
C.
Reticular collagenous fibers that cover individual schwann cells?
B.
What percentage of nerve fibers are myelinated?
C.
Which cells form myelin along the axon in the PNS?
B. Schwann is PNS and only does on axon per cell with myelination; It may have grooves for many axon, but will only myelinate one; Oligodendrocytes can myelinate many, even several dozen and are in the CNS
Which is the maximum speed of a myelinated nerve?
A. The max of myelinated is 120 m/s. The max of unmyelinated is 15 m/s
Which is the maximum speed of an unmyelinated nerve?
D. The max of myelinated is 120 m/s. The max of unmyelinated is 15 m/s
What allows for myelinated nerves to conduct so much faster?
B. The Saltatory conduction is was accelerates conduction on the myelinated fibers. The insulation cause the fiber to have to be depolarized at fewer sites. The longer the internodal region (area that is myelinated) the faster the speed. Also the thicked the diameter on the fiber, the longer the speed.
A general rule of thumb for nerve conduction speed
B. No matter what she says, size does matter, and so does myelination.
Motor fibers are grouped into
D. Letters
Groups:
A-Alpha (150m/s, Beta70m/s, and Gamma40m/s) Myelinated
B-lightly myelinated 15m/s
C-unmyelinated s m/s
Group A sensory fibers are the fastest. T/F
False.
No such things as group a "sensory"
Group A motor and Type I sensory are fastest at 120m/s which indicates large and myelinated
Group A are small, medium, and large myelinated efferent fibers with subgroups. T/F
True
Small-gamma (40m/s)
Medium-beta (70m/s)
Large-alpha (120m/s)
Extrafusal muscle fibers primarily connect to the CNS via
B. Big fast heavy myelination for the muscle fibers!
The fastest nerve fiber would the
E. Alpha for moter and Type I for sensory
The nerve cell (also called a neuron) is the ________ cell of the nervous system.
a. Parenchymal
b. stem cell
d. glial
e. contactile
a.
The nervous system consists of three primary elements
B.
T/F Glial cells cannot conduct impulses.
F. Recent research as indicated that astrocytes are capable of conducting signals.
How many neurons does a human have?
A.
T/F There are fewer neuroglia than neurons.
F. There are actuallt 10x more neuroglia creating infinite pathways for the neurons. There are 10-20k connections per neuron.
Which is not a main function of the Neurons
D. I suppose you could argue that nerves indirectly facilitate the movement of blood, but that is not a main function.
When a nerve cell is responsive to change it is considered to be
A.
When a nerve cell is able to transmit a nerve impulse is is considered to be
e. manipulative
B.
Which is not a main body part of a nerve cell?
B.
Which part of the nerve is the primary receptive part?
D.
Which part of the cell contains spines and may have specialized endings for
receiving information from the internal and external environment?
D.
You have an area on your skin that has recently become more sensitive. They do a special scan and find that the only physiological change is more dendrites indicating
A. and increase in dendrites would indicate arborization more than the other options.
Another name for the nucleus within the soma is
B. karyon. Parikaryon is cytoplasm and keloid is a raised scar
The structure is responsible for production of neurotransmitters
B. Ribosomes are responsible. The ribosome is house on the rough
endoplasmic reticulum. Clumps or endoplasmic reticulum for Nissl bodies
which are gray and give the nucleus their color
The point where the soma and axon come together is called the
C. hillock. The others are names for the synapse.
Which of the following is not a bipolar type neuron?
D. the DRG is unipolar. The rest are all bipolar neurons. Multipolar neurons are the most common.
T/F Microtubules are used for retrograde and anterograde transportation while neurofibrils are not.
T. The microtubules are bigger and thicker and the kinesin and dynein run up
and down it. The neurofibrils help give structure but are not involved
in the transportation.
Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s are similar in that.
B. they are both protein misfolding diseases.
Devastating loss of brain function resulting when the cytoskeleton of a neuron is disrupted is
B.
What is the first pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s?
C.
What is the second pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s?
D.
Anterograde transport occurs has both a rapid and slow speed
B. c is wrong because 150-200 mm/day is the speed of retrograde transport and 120 m/s and 15 m/s are the top speeds for myelinated and unmyelinated nerves, respectively.
Anterograde transport transports
a. synaptic vesicles
b. neurotransmitters
c. neurotrophins
d. mitochondria
e. all but neurotrophins. The neurotrophins are "neuron food" transported via retrograde.
Tetanus is cause by the toxins of
B. clostridium tetani
Some cancer drugs target
D.
Nerve cells function by
D.
T/F 90% of people diagnosed with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s experience anausmia.
True. The olfactory system is usually one of the first systems to go. More
people with Parkinson’s experience anausmia than have tremors.
To function, a nerve impulse must
B. a nerve impulse can only affect the nerves. The neuron is the one responsible for a,b, and d.
Electrical (Gap) junction synapses are rare and used for very few activities such as
D.
Electrical (Gap) junction synapses are rare and used for very few activities such as
B.
Electrical (Gap) junction synapses are rare and used for very few activities such as
C.
What is disinhibition?
Disinhibition is when a neuron inhibits an inhibitory neuron which then stops inhibitin and excitatory neuron so it can fire.
How do you spell the CNS most common excitatory neurotransmitter?
G-L-U-T-A-M-A-T-E
How do you spell the CNS most common inhibitory meurotransmitter?
“GABA” the shortened word works.
What is the most common sensory neurotransmitter of the PNS?
B.
What is the most common motor neurotransmitter of the PNS?
A.
Which of the dopamine is excitatory/inhibitoy
C.
T/F A receptor agonist blocks the receptors so that there is less stimulation.
F. An agonist is a face neurotransmitter so it will stimulate the receptor
T/F A receptor antagonist blocks the receptors so that there is less stimulation.
True, antagonists are used to block receptors when there is a natural over
production of neurotransmitters being released into the synapse. This
decreases activity.
This cell gives rigidity to the brain.
D. the astrosyte has many nuerofilaments which help give rigidity to the
brain. Glioma are tumors composed of glial cells, astrocytes are the
most come cell involved with brain tumors. It doesn’t even matter if
they are malignant or benign because any abnormal growth in the brain
will cause tremendous pressure and problems. Gliosis is a dense glial
scar in the CNS and is predominantly astrocytes.
This cells assist in the blood brain barrier and may conduct impulses.
A.
This cell recycles glutamate and GABA and mops up K+
A.
This cell can multiply at any time
D. The astrocyte can replicate at anytime. This is part of the reason why it is the predominate glial cell involved in gliomas or tumors of the brain.
This cells forms myelin in the CNS
A. oligodendrocytes. Sceloritc plaques are formed in MS when plaques of
scar tissue form over dead neurons, usually forming periventricular.
This cell is responsible for building the structures that will speed impulse propagation in the CNS
A. This is referred to as saltatory conduction and occurs when the impulse propogates from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier.
This is the most common neurological disporder in young adults in temperate climates below and above the equator.
C. Multiple sclerosis.
Multiple sceloris is primarily a
C. Demyelinating disease. Alzheimers involves neurofibrillary tangles as the 2 hallmark of the disease.
Why can denuded axons not propagate impulses?
When an axon is denuded, it's myelination is destroyed and/or damaged. Which out the myelination the impulse must propagate along more of the axon membrane. However, there is usually insufficeint ions gradients to propagate the signal in these damaged axons.
What is the first presenting disability in MS?
C.
What is the ration male to female for MS?
B. male to female would be 2:3. In the notes it is written female to male so it is 3:2
