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hypovolemic shock
insufficient cardiac output resulting from a drop in blood volume
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autorhythmic
pertaining to cells that spontaneously produce action potentials at regular time intervals, chiefl cardiac and smooth muscle cells.
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pulmonary
pertaining to the lungs
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interatrial septum
the wall between the atrial of the heart
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hypernatremia
an excess of sodium ions in the blood
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atrioventricular valves
the bicuspid/mitral (right) and the tricuspid (left) valves between the atria and the ventricules of the heart.
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cardiac cycle
one complete cycle of cardiac sytosol and diastole.
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low-density lipoprotein
a blood-born droplet of about 20% protein and 80% lipid that transports cholesterol from the liver to other tissues.
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edema
abnormal accumulation of tissue fluid resulting in swelling of the tissue
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arrhythmia
an irregularity in the cardiac rhythm.
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cusp
one of the flaps of a valve of the heart, veins, and lymphatic vessels.
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afterload
the force exerted by arterial blood pressure that opposes the openings of the aortic and pulmonary valves of the heart.
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ectopic
in an abnormal location; for example, ectopic pregnancy and ectopic pacemakers of the heart
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diastole
a peroid in which a heart chamber relaxes and fills with blood; especially ventricular relaxation.
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myocyte
a muscle cell, especially a cell of cardiac or smooth muscle.
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atherosclerosis
a degenerative disease of the blood vessels characterized by the pressence of atheromas and often leading to calcification of the vessel wall.
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risk factor
any environmental factor or characteristic of the individual that increases a person's chance of developing a particular disease; including such intrinsic factors as age, sex, and race and such extrinsic factors as diet, smoking, and occupation.
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sinus
an air-filled space in the cranium
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stroke volume
the volume of blood ejected by one ventricle of the heart in one contraction
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systemic circuit
all blood vessels that convey blood from the left ventricle to all organs of the body and back to the right atrium of the heart; all of the cardiovascular system except the heart and pulmonary circuit.
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systole
the contraction of any heart chamber; ventricular contraction ounless otherwise specified.
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coronary circulation
a system of blood vessels that serve the wall of the heart
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atheroma
a fatty deposit (plaque) in a blood vessel, consisting of lipid, smooth muscle, and microphages; characteristic of atherosclerosis
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atrioventricular node
a group of autorhythmic cells in the interatrial septum of the heart that relays excitation from the atria to the ventricles.
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cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle of the heart in 1 minute
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cardiovascular system
an organ system consisting of the heart and blood vessels, serving for the transport of blood. compare circulatory system
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high-density lipoprotein
a lipoprotein of the blood plasma that is about 50% lipid and 50% protein functions to transport phospholipids and cholesterol from other organs to the liver for disposal. a high proportion of HDLs to LDL is desirable for cardiovascular health
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cardiac reserve
the difference between maximum and resting cardiac output, which determines a person's tolerance for exercise
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baroreceptors
pressure sensors located in the heart, aortic arch, and carotid sinuses that trigger autonomic reflexes in response to fluctuations in blood pressure.
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hypovolemic shock
insufficient cardiac output resulting from a drop in blood volume
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myocardium
the middle, muscular layer of the heart
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pulmonary circuit
a route of blood flow that supplies blood to the pulmonary alveoli for gas exchange and then returns it to the heart; all blood vessels from the right ventricle to the left atrium
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