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Flow of blood
Cranial and Caudal Vena Cava – Right Auricle –Right Atrium– Tricuspid Valve – Right Ventricle – Pulmonary Valve – Pulmonary Artery – Lungs – Pulmonary Vein – Left Auricle – Left Atrium – Mitral Valve – Left Ventricle –Aortic Valve- Aorta – Great Arteries –Arteries - Arterioles – Capillaries – Venules – Veins – Vena Cavas
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Only valve that has 2 cusps
Mitral valve
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Right side heart failure
Dirofilaria immitis (Heartworms)
- Reverse D on ventral dorsal radiograph
- Caval syndrome
- Pulmonary inflammation
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Left side heart failures
- Pulmonary edema
- Decreased cardiac output
- Increased size of left heart
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Entire heart failues
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (cats)
- -ventricles thickened
- Dilative cardiomyopathy (dogs)
- -ventricular walls weak and flaccid
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Valves fail to close completely
Stenosis
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Valvular insufficiency
If a valve fails to close completely permitting blood to flow backwards in the wrong direction
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Most common valve insufficiency
Mitral insufficiency
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P wave of an ECG
Atrial depolarization
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P-R segment of a ECG
Filling time for the ventricle
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QRS complex of an ECG
- Ventricular depolarization
- Atrial repolarization
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S-T segment of an ECG
Filling time for the atrium
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T wave of an ECG
Ventricular repolarization
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What two systems generate blood pressure
- General vascular system- left ventricle
- Pulmonary vascular system- right ventricle
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Blood pressure on the arterial side is maintained by
- Cardiac output
- Peripheral vascular resistance
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Starlings law
As the heart rate increases, the cardiac output will increase up to a point. When the heart rate exceeds the ability of the ventricles to fill during diastole, the cardiac output fails
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Venous circulation return to the heart controlled by
- Inspiration
- Venous contraction
- Valves
- Heart beat, activity, peristalsis of GI tract
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Synaptic transmitter that secrete acetylcholine are...c
Cholinergic
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Synaptic transmitter that secrete nor-epinephrine are...
Adrenergic
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Rest and restore, secrete acetylcholine and are cholinergic
Parasympathetic
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Fight or flight, secrete nor-epinephrine and are adrenergic
Sympathetic
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Agonists
Bind and take action/stimulate
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Antagonists
Bind and block stimulation
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Two types of adrenergic receptors
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Catecholamines
- Epinephrine
- Nor-epinephrine
- Dopamine
- L-Dopa
- Dopaminogenic
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Two effects produced by catecholamines
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Alpha receptors are sensitive to what?
Both epinephrine and nor-epinephrine
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Beta receptors are sensitive to what?
Epinephrine
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Alpha receptors are mainly...
Stimulatory with the exception of those in the intestinal smooth muscle
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Beta receptors are mainly...
Inhibitory, with the exception of those in cardiac muscle
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Alpha 1 Agonists
- Nor-epinephrine
- Epinephrine
- Dopamine
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Alpha 1 antagonists
- Phenoxybenzamine
- Tolazoline
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Alpha 2 agonists
- Dexmedetomidine
- Dopamine
- Epinephrine
- Xylazine
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What is shock
Reduced cardiac output and vasodilatation.
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What determines the blood pressure in the vascular system?
- Cardiac output
- Peripheral vascular resistance
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Anaphylaxis
- Inject foreign protein (e.g. penicillin
- Histamine release (Mast Cells/Basophils)
- Vasodilatation of capillaries
- Increase capillary permeability
- Blood plasma moves into tissues
- Decrease blood volume
- Reduced blood flow >Hypoxia>Death
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Degrees of shock
- Compensatory
- Progressive
- Irreversible
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Compensatory phase of shock
All arterioles except coronary and cerebral vessels constrict to maintain arterial pressure. Elevation of pulse & increase in cardiac output.
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Progressive phase of shock
Heart cannot pump sufficiently due to fatigue. Decrease cardiac output and 02 to the alveoli & respiratory center causing vasodilatation.
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Irreversible phase of shock
Heart cannot be fixed. No treatment
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Treatment of shock
- IV fluids
- Oxygen- helps cell metabolize and heal
- Warmth
- Analgesics
- Norepinephrine
- Dobutamine
- Minimum database
- Dexamethasone is all else fails
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