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what are the criteria to define the living organism?
- movement: locomotion; response to stimuli
- metabolism: uses of oxygen; uses of energy
- reproduction: sexual reproduction
- growth: asexual (simple organism; growth & repair); sexual (complex organism; making new organisms)
- adaptation: environmental changes; must be able to adapt
- evolution: the hardest member will survive
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who is the "father of medicine"?
Hippocrates
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Imhotep
- philosopher and poet
- looked as a “god” by others
- discovered many skin & GI
- “eat, drink, and be merry…”
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Aristotle
- father of physio
- believed life is controlled by the stars
- first to sketch anatomy
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Galen
- dissection of humans, monkey & apes
- introduce concept of vitalism
- influenced humanism concept
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IBN-AL-NAFIS
- described how blood flows through heart
- described pulmonary circulation
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Leeuwenhoek
maker of microscope (single lens)
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Leonardo da Vinci
- shows position of fetus in situ
- pictionally documents action of oxytocin in females
- did extensive dissections on human cadavers
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Tintoretto
- origin of milky way
- demonstrated oxytocin & “milk let down"
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Vesalius
- defined Galen’s postulates
- first to show female orgin
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Harvey
- demonstrated one way flow of blood, but established a firm basis of circulation occurring in closed vessel
- finger pressure (blood is a one way flow)
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Beaumont
- father of GI physio
- work with gastric digestions of food
- tx pt with large fistula from war wounds
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Pavlov
- Gi, cardiology, neurology, psychology, gynecology specialist
- GI study using dogs, “Pavlov's Dog)
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Bernard
- cell biologist
- did “blind” observations
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Starling
- developed fluid shifts across capillaries
- developed “Frank-Starling” law of the heart
- discovered peristalsis
- discovered hormones
- discovered DCT in kidney and its role in fluid shifts
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Cannon
- “fight or flight”
- response = epinephrine
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Banting
discovered insulin
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Salk
discover polio vaccine in 1955
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Paola Timiros
studied stress and aging
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Stanley Prusiner, MD
- neurodegenerative dx (Alzheimer's, parkinson, etc)
- described Prions (infectious protein)
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Mary Lyon
- X chromosomes varies in appearance
- proposed only one chromosome remains inactive
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what is homeostasis?
- regulation of body’s internal environment
- keeping internal environment stable
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